The Monotheizing Process: Its Origins and Development

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam claim to be monotheistic, but none of them actually is; none of the three has yet arrived at the true monotheism the Bible and the Qur'an mandate: that is, belief in there being but One God of All. Each often claims its concept of God is the One God despite the fact that the Bible and the Qur'an insist that the true God is indefinable and incomprehensible. Many passages of the Bible are polytheistic, and yet the Judaism that emerged out of the exile claimed to believe in One God. Critically moving from the older passages through to the later, careful readers are able to trace a process that is best called monotheizing. In effect the first commandment of the Decalogue, the first of Jesus's two great commandments, and the Qur'an's clear mandate fashion an imperative to continue the monotheizing process that is not yet complete but that enjoins adherents of each to live life in the belief that there is but One God of All.

James A. Sanders is professor emeritus of biblical studies at the Claremont School of Theology and the Claremont Graduate University as well as president emeritus of the Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center. Among his many publications are Torah and Canon, 2nd ed. (Cascade, 2005), Canon and Community, and God Has a Story Too.