Nanotechnology—the manipulation of matter between 1–100 nanometers—has revolutionized modern science and medicine. In dentistry, it has enabled the development of restorative materials that closely mimic natural tooth tissues in composition, function, and appearance. Tooth structure is frequently lost due to caries, wear, or trauma, and restoring it with materials that replicate enamel and dentin properties remains a fundamental goal. Nanotechnology offers unprecedented control over material composition and performance, enhancing strength, aesthetics, and bioactivity compared with traditional materials.The concept of nanotechnology originated from physicist Richard Feynman’s 1959 lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, envisioning atom-level material control. The term “nanotechnology” was later coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974. Practical progress followed with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (1981) and atomic force microscope (1986), allowing direct visualization and manipulation of atoms.

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