Nursing Assessment and Health Promotion

For Nursing Courses in Growth and Development, Health Promotion or Basic Clinical Theory in the Fundamentals of Nursing. Using a practical, holistic approach to the health care of individuals and families, this text offers specific guidelines for holistic health assessment, with suggested nursing interventions and health promotion strategies at each developmental stage from birth to death. Unique in its comprehensive, consistent, and integrated format, it covers the physical, cognitive, emotional, sociocultural and spiritual aspects of development for each life stage individually--in equal depth and breadth.

Preface To provide holistic health promotion and preventive care, we believe the nurse and other health care providers must consider all dimensions of development and the total health of the person and family. The physical, mental, emotional, sociocultural, and spiritual needs and characteristics are interrelated. Your emphasis must be on comprehensive assessment of the whole person and on health promotion and appropriate interventions and strategies rather than on patchwork remedies or fragmented understanding. This has been an emphasis in each of our previous editions. We are gratified to see the emphasis of nursing and health care dramatically follow our projection. Now in the seventh edition, we have retained and updated the most important of these concepts. All chapters have been reorganized to present the most essential information. This text introduces you to the highly complex, normal person and the family during the entire life span—from birth to death. Birth is considered the first developmental stage, death the last. In Part 1, Chapters 1, 2, and 3, you will explore the influences on the developing person—sociocultural, environmental, spiritual, and religious. In Part II, Chapters 4, S, and 6, you will study the family as the basic unit for the developing person, theories of human development, and basic principles of growth and development. Chapters 7 through 14 present each life stage from infancy through later adulthood. Chapter 15 presents dying and death as the last developmental stage. Each chapter is presented in a consistent format:

Family development and relationships Physiologic concepts, including physical characteristics, special considerations in physical assessment, nutrition, exercise, rest and sleep, play or leisure, and health promotion Psychosocial concepts, including cognitive, emotional and moral and spiritual development, individual developmental tasks, and health promotion Health care and nursing applications, including common health problems and special concerns Research abstracts and case situations further highlight significant findings for the individual and family throughout the life span. We believe that the integrated, holistic approach of this text provides the most comprehensive review possible of each developmental stage and, in a sense, a critical pathway paradigm for health and health promotion. As you use this book, keep in mind that although each person is unique, the uniqueness occurs in the predictable patterns discussed in this text. Your knowledge of normal mental and physical health and influences on development and health at each life stage can help you detect deviations from the norm and use intervention measures appropriate to the person's or family's development. In this text, intervention focuses on measures that foster and maintain health and major points of care for common health problems. The table at the end of the preface summarizes health promotion measure discussed throughout the book. We do not cover diseases, their treatment, or specific assessment techniques in detail. These are covered in many clinical texts that can be used in conjunction with this text. Before you can understand the ill person and the family, you must understand the well person in the usual family and community setting. Only then can your assessment be thorough and your intervention individualized. Only then will you be prepared to give the community-focused care that is now emphasized. Although nurses have always had to cope with death, usually it has been written about on a superficial basis. An in-depth study of the phases of dying, how to assist the person and family in making decisions related to death, and specific care measures will enhance your ability to foster a naturalness about this last event in life. Before reading any chapters, you should orient yourself by (1) reading the table of contents, (2) looking at the list of objectives that precedes each chapter, (3) glancing at chapter headings, and (4) noting the key terms and their definitions that appear throughout each chapter. This text has been used successfully both at the beginning of clinical experience and at the graduate level in programs for clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners. Wherever you encounter this text, we invite you to be an active participant as you read. Our ideas are presented with conviction and directness. But we want you to integrate and modify our ideas into your specific circumstances. Each of you will have to adapt this information to our setting-be it independent practice, health maintenance organization, hospital, clinic, or home. The companion Web site to accompany this text will contain four appendices:

A. Recommended U.S. Dietary Allowances B. Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians Major Sources and Functions of Primary Nutrients III. Stress Management Internet Resources The appendices present essential content. Appendix I presents information on dietary requirements according to U.S. and Canadian standards. Appendix II presents sources and functions of the nutrients. Appendix III presents complementary and alternative therapies that promote stress management and health. Appendix IV presents extensive Internet resources to health promotion and care of the client and professional associations for many displicines and ethnic groups. The site also provides additional on-line resources such as sample test questions and other learning aids. Acknowledgments As we have moved from young adults to middle-aged adults and as our children have moved from the preschool era to young adulthood, we have experienced a good deal of the life-span development as well as the inclusion of comprehensive health promotion in nursing practice. That experience is incorporated throughout this text along with literature and research findings from a wide range of sources. However, a book is the result of collaborative thinking and efforts on the part of many people; authors do not work in isolation. The responsiveness of contributors, especially those new to our team, was important to content development. We appreciate feedback given by students, colleagues, and reviewers. We have incorporated their ideas while maintaining the basic direction of the book. We are also grateful to the people who helped with the various tasks of manuscript preparation for the book and Instructor's Manual. To our textbook typist, Nancy Williams, we express deep gratitude. Her consistently rapid and accurate typing of handwritten material is commendable. Her cheerful spirit and conscientious responsiveness to requests were encouraging to Ruth. Without her conscientious work and the ongoing assistance of Ruth's friend, Sharon Stecher, with reference list paste-up, the manuscript would not have been completed. Sharon also reviewed and updated Appendix II. Others also contributed to the finished manuscript: Joanne Jenkins assisted with typing and developed Appendix IV A graduate student, Richard Yakimo, assisted with making some manuscript copies. Teaching Assistant Cherrill Stockman assisted with some literature searches and contributed to the revision of the Instructor's Manual. We express our deep gratitude to Phatti Gray for consciencious and professional typing of the Instructor's Manual and for her cheerful spirit in response to Ruth's requests. Equally important was the support and assistance given by our families. Words of encouragement from Ruth's graduate students and friends were also important and appreciated. Our thanks, too, to the members of the editorial and production staff of Prentice Hall Health who gave valuable guidance and who most ably shepherded our book through the production process. Ruth Beckmann Murray, EdD, MSN, RN, CS, N-NAP Judith Proctor Zentner, RN, MA, CFNP