From Pigments to Perception

Two techniques were used to estimate the L/M cone ratio, best-fit linear sum of the L- and M-cone spectral sensitivities to heterochromatic flicker photometric spectral sensitivity and psychometric function shape for point source detection of lights of varying wavelength. Data from five color-normal observers run on both paradigms all are consistent with a preponderance of L-cones relative to M-cones though there are individual differences in the estimates of L/M cone ratio. The observers showed congruence in their individual results across technique. In a separate study, the perceptual consequences of individual variation in L/M cone populations were evaluated by looking for a relation between flicker photometric spectral sensitivity and the spectral locus of equilibrium yellow. No significant relation was found, suggesting that receptor populations do not play a major role in the normalization of the perceptual red/green opponent channel. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Supported in part by USPH NEI grant EY00901. REFERENCES Adam, A. (1969) Foveal red-green ra. C10S c:,f normals, colorblinds and heterozygotes. Proceedings Tel-Hasrcomer Hospital (Tel-Aviv). 8: 2-6. Ahnelt, P. , H. Kolb and R. Pflug. (1987). Identification of a subtype of cone photoreceptor, likely to be blue sensitive, in the human retina. Journal of Compa:cative Neurology. 255: 18-34. Alpern, M. and E. Pugh. (1977). variation in the action spectrum of erythrolabe among deuteranopes. Journal of Physiology (London). 266: 613-646. Boynton, R. (1979). Human Color Vision. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Brindley, G. (1954) The summation areas of human colour-receptive mechanisms at increment threshold.

Dedication. Preface. Acknowledgments. Clifford Geometric Algebras in Multilinear Algebra and Non-Euclidean Geometries.- Geometric algebra Projective Geometries; Affine and other geometries; Affine Geometry of pseudo-euclidean space; Conformal Geometry and the Horosphere; References. Content-Based Information Retrieval by Group Theoretical Methods.- Introduction; Motivating Examples; General Concept; Fault Tolerance.- Applications, Prototypes, and Test Results; Related Work and Future Research; References.- Four Problems in Radar.-Introduction; Radar Fundamentals; Radar Waveforms; Signal Processing; Space-Time Adaptive Processing; Four Problems in Radar; Conclusions. Introduction to Generalized Classical and Quantum Signal and System Theories on Groups and Hypergroups.-Generalized classical signal/system theory on hypergroups; Generalized quantum signal/system theory on hypergroups; Conclusion; References. Lie Groups and Lie Algebras in Robotics.- Introduction -- Rigid Body Motions; Lie Groups; Finite Screw Motions; Mechanical Joints; Invisible Motion and Gripping; Forward Kinematics; Lie Algebra; The Adjoint Representation; The Exponential Map Derivatives of Exponentials; Jacobians; Concluding Remarks; References. Quantum/Classical Interface: a Geometric Approach from the Classical Side.- Introduction Paravector Space as Spacetime; Eigenspinors; Spin; Dirac Equation; Bell's Theorem; Qubits and Entanglement; Conclusions; References. PONS, Reed-Muller Codes, and Group Algebras.- Introduction; Analytic Theory of One-Dimensional PONS (Welti); Shapiro Sequences, Reed-Muller Codes, and Functional Equations; Group Algebras; Reformulation of Classical PONS; Group Algebra of Classical PONS; GroupAlgebra Convolution; Splitting Sequences; Historical Appendix on PONS; References. Clifford Algebras as a Unified Language.- Introduction; Clifford algebras as models of physical spaces; Clifford Algebras as Models of Perceptual Multicolor Spaces; Hypercomplex-Valued invariants of nD multicolor images; Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References. Recent Progress and Applications in Group FFTs.-Introduction; Finite group FFTs; FFTs for compact groups; Noncompact groups; References. Group Filters and Image Processing.- Introduction: Classical Digital Signal Processing; Abelian Group DSP; Nonabelian Groups; Examples; Group Transforms; Group Filters; Line-like Images; Acknowledgments; References. A Geometric Algebra Approach to Some Problems of Robot Vision.- Introduction; Local Analysis of Multi-dimensional Signals; Knowledge Based Neural Computing; Acknowledgments; References. Group Theory in Radar and Signal Processing.- Introduction; How a Radar Works; Representations; Representations and Radar; Ambiguity Functions; The Wide Band Case; References. Geometry of Paravector Space with Applications to Relativistic Physics.- Clifford Algebras in Physics; Paravector Space as Spacetime; Interpretation; Eigenspinors; Maxwell's Equation; Conclusions; References. A Unified Approach to Fourier-Clifford-Prometheus Transforms- Introduction; New construction of classical and multiparametric Prometheus transforms; PONS associated with Abelian groups; Fast Fourier-Prometheus Transforms; Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References. Fast Color Wavelet Transforms.- Introduction; Color images; Color Wavelet-Haar-Prometheus transforms; Edge detection and compression of color images; Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References. Selected Problems; Various Authors.- Transformations of Euclidean Space and Clifford Geometric; Algebra; References; On the Distribution of Kloosterman Sums on Polynomials over Quaternions; References; Harmonic Sliding Analysis Problems; References; Spectral Analysis under Conditions of Uncertainty; A Canonical Basis for Maximal Tori of the Reductive Centrizer of a Nilpotent Element; References; 6 The Quantum Chaos Conjecture References; Four Problems in Radar; Topic Index; Author Index

1 INTRODUCTION.

VISION AND EXPERIENCE.

VISION AND NATURAL SCIENCE.

VISUAL ILLUSIONS.

2 OPTICS.

LIGHT.

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS.

IMAGING IN THE EYE.

3 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE.

THE EYE IS NOT A CAMERA.

THE OPTIC MEDIA.

THE RETINA.

SIGNAL GENERATION.

4 SENSITIVITY AND RESPONSE.

PHOTOMETRY.

CONTRAST VISION.

VISION LOSS.

5 COLOR.

PHYSICS OF COLOR STIMULI

COLOR DIFFERENCES.

COLOR INDUCTION AND ADAPTATION.

6 COLOR VISION.

THE OPPONENT MODEL AND COLOR PERCEPTION.

7 NEURAL CORRELATES.

PSYCHOPHYSICS AND PARALLEL PATHWAYS.

8 BRAIN PROCESSES.

APPENDIX.

A Physiologically Based System for Color Measurement.

Tables and Diagrams.

GLOSSARY.

LITERATURE.

INDEX.