Misperception is omnipresent in politics — not because information is lacking, but because the frameworks used to interpret political reality are systematically distorted. Across political systems, parties and elections, and international relations, durable misconceptions shape how citizens make sense of political life. These are not random errors but structural features of political reasoning that persist because they serve cognitive and strategic purposes even when they misrepresent how political systems function.

This book examines forty-one of the most consequential of these myths across three domains. The first addresses political systems: that democracy produces good governance, that constitutions constrain power, and that institutions can be transplanted across contexts. The second focuses on parties and elections: that voters are highly informed, that campaigns and money determine outcomes, and that competition ensures accountability. The third turns to international relations: that institutions constrain state behaviour, that interdependence prevents conflict, that sanctions produce compliance, and that international norms are widely enforced.

What connects these cases is not simply that the claims fail empirically, but that they reveal recurring distortions in how politics is interpreted: an inclination to impose linear and predictable logic on inherently uncertain processes, a belief that technical solutions can override power struggles and resistance, and a persistent confusion between what institutions are designed to do and what they are actually able to achieve in practice.

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