Pro- Inflammatory Markers as a Risk Factor in Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic review

Chronic Periodontitis is a complex inflammatory disease influenced by both microbial and host-related factors. Among the most significant host-derived contributors are Pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein(MIP-1α). These biomarkers play a critical role in mediating the inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens, leading to the destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone. Elevated levels of these markers in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, or serum have been consistently associated with increased disease severity and progression. Their presence reflects an exaggerated host response, making them valuable indicators of active periodontal destruction. As such, pro-inflammatory markers are not only involved in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis but they also serve as important risk factors for its onset and advancement.