Redefining Orthodontic Root Resorption: A Critical Overview

Orthodontic root resorption is an undesirable but relatively common complication of orthodontic treatment, characterized by the loss of apical root structure due to mechanical forces applied during tooth movement. It most often presents as external apical root resorption and is usually mild and clinically insignificant, but in some cases it can lead to significant shortening of the root. The condition occurs as a result of sterile inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament when excessive or prolonged orthodontic forces are applied. Risk factors include magnitude and duration of force, type of tooth movement, treatment duration, genetic predisposition, and previous dental trauma. Careful diagnosis, controlled force application, and periodic radiographic monitoring help minimize its severity.