The Role of Calcium and Comparable Cations in Animal Behaviour
Language: English
Published by ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY, 2003
- Softcover
- New
Condition: New
US$ 86.61
Quantity: Over 20 available
Add to basketItem description from seller
This book examines important biological contributions of these ions including enzyme activation, effects in all types of muscle and biomineralization.InhaltsverzeichnisThe Ions Biological Roles Moving Ions Through Membranes Intrac.
Seller Inventory # 595098296
- Title
- The Role of Calcium and Comparable Cations in Animal Behaviour
- Author
- Wilkins, Patricia|Wilkins, Ralph G.
- Publisher
- ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY
- Publication year
- 2003
- Condition
- New
- Binding
- Kartoniert / Broschiert
- Language
- English
- ISBN 10
- 0854046666
- ISBN 13
- 9780854046669
Calcium and comparable cations are fast being recognised for their role as vital components of animal physiology. When trying to answer questions such as why salmon can adjust to life in fresh water as well as seawater, or why chilli peppers taste hot to humans but evoke little response from chickens, we often find the answers lie in patterns of movement of these ions and their roles in sensing, transmitting and collecting messages. Bringing together scattered literature on calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium in biology, this book examines important biological contributions of these ions including enzyme activation, effects in all types of muscle and biomineralization. Attention is focused on: channel construction and ion movement; calcium as a second messenger and in the construction of solids and ion channelopathies, with the help of personalities such as Agatha Christie, van Gogh and Captain Cook. The Role of Calcium and Comparable Cations in Animal Behaviour will be valued by a wide-range of readers including students of bioinorganic chemistry and animal behavioural studies, teachers and other professionals in academia.
"Synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
The Role of Calcium and Comparable Cations in Animal Behaviour
By R. G. Wilkins, P. C. WilkinsThe Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
Contents
GLOSSARY, xiv,
AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS, xxiv,
CHAPTER 1 THE IONS, 1,
CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL ROLES, 18,
CHAPTER 3 MOVING IONS THROUGH MEMBRANES, 41,
CHAPTER 4 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING, 70,
CHAPTER 5 INTERCELLULAR SIGNALLING, 97,
CHAPTER 6 MUSCLE, 116,
CHAPTER 7 SENSES, 155,
CHAPTER 8 BIOMINERALIZATION, 181,
REFERENCES, 196,
SUBJECT INDEX, 202,
CHAPTER 1
The Ions
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Only sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) among the Group 1 and 2 elements are essential in biological systems. Some of the other s-block elements are used in medicine (e.g. lithium, Li and barium, Ba) and/or occur as minor (but useful) contaminants in calcium biominerals (e.g. strontium, Sr).
The metal ions with which we are involved in this book (Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) are less striking than many of the other metal ions that have significant biological roles. Metal ions such as iron and copper are coloured in solution, have more than one common oxidation state and are strongly coordinating, all properties lacking in the s-block metals. Nevertheless, the very lack of these properties enable them to be the workhorses in many biological processes. These metals display only one stable oxidation state resulting from the loss of one (M+, Group 1) or two (M2+, Group 2) s-electrons. This enables the metal ions to move around the cell without any danger of being oxidized or reduced. In this way they play many vital, complex and intriguing roles. They aid in neurologic and neuromuscular conduction, help regulate pH, maintain osmolality of body fluids, are involved in muscle contraction and are required for the functioning of many enzymes. They are components, calcium in particular, of many of the solid structures in most organisms.
The Heart Says It All
Animal tissues can be kept alive for experimentation for a short time by immersion in a buffered solution that mimics the ionic composition of animal plasma (Ringer's solution). A graphic illustration of the importance of these ions is shown by the composition of a cardioplegic solution used to preserve a donor heart (for 4-6 hours) prior to a transplant. The solution typically contains NaCl, 144 mM; KCl, 20 mM; MgCl2, 16 mM; CaCl2, 2.4 mM and procaine (a local anaesthetic that blocks nerve sodium channels, see 4.6), 1.0 mM at a pH of 5.5-7.5 at 4 °C.
1.2 OCCURRENCE
1.2.1 Earth's Crust
The s-group metals Na, K, Mg and Ca are, after Al and Fe, the most abundant metals in the earth's crust.
An excess of sodium salts in the soil can cause severe problems in crop production. This is because an influx of sodium ions into plant cells can upset critical biochemical processes by competing with potassium ions in membrane transport and enzyme activation, and can also cause osmotic stress. It has been estimated that about one-third of the world's irrigated land is unsuitable for growing crops because of high sodium ion contamination. Calcium ions, on the other hand, can be beneficial in that they help to maintain or enhance the selective absorption of K ions by plants.
A Possible Solution to Salt Contamination of Soil
Shrubs of the genus Plantago produce seeds that are used as a food for birds and also as a bulk-forming laxative. Plants, even those of the same species, have differing abilities to tolerate salty soil. Plantago mahtima, but not P. media, is salt tolerant. P. mahtima (but not P. media) contains an Na+/H+ antiport protein that permits the interchange of Na+ and H+ions (3.6.1). This allows the plant to sequester Na+ ions in the large intracellular vacuole and away from the cytosol where salt interferes with metabolic processes. This represents one way of defeating a saline environment.
A salt-tolerant Arabidopsis has been engineered by overexpressing a single endogenous gene, AtNHXl, which encodes for an Na+/H+ antiport protein. Similarly, tomato plants have been genetically engineered to produce high levels of an Na+/H+ antiport. These plants flourish in 200 mM salt water, and produce good-looking and tasty fruit that is low in sodium even though the leaves accumulate large amounts of the ion. It could now be possible to produce a whole array of salt-tolerant crop plants, which would enable the use of seawater for irrigation.
1.2.2 The Seas
Most (about two-thirds) of the earth's surface is covered with water, and in the seas the s-group metal ions specified above are the major cations present. On average, there is 3.5 g of salts per 100 mL of seawater. This rises to 4% in the Mediterranean and off the southwest coast of Crete, where near-dry conditions 3-5 million years ago has produced a brine pool with a very high MgCl2 concentration. The great salt lake in Utah is saturated with salts and NaCl crystallizes on the shore. In the Dead Sea, CaSO4 crystallizes out. Nevertheless, certain creatures, tiny crustacean brine shrimp (Artemia) for example, but not fish, can survive in these conditions. Indeed, Artemia cannot live for long in fresh water. Coastal evaporation ponds are a commercial source of Artemia, which is used as fish food.
1.2.3 Biological Materials
The s-group metal ions Na, K, Mg and Ca are found in most cells in mM concentrations, see Table 1.1. It is often very difficult to measure the intracellular concentrations, particularly of the free ions. Inorganic and organic anions, which are lower in concentration outside the cell than inside, maintain cell neutrality.
One can draw one's own conclusions about the significance, if any, of the similarity between the concentrations of these ions in extracellular media and in seawater in which life may have evolved. Although there are significant differences between ion concentrations in vertebrates and invertebrates, the differences between the solute composition of the cells and of the extracellular environment, with the glaring exception of Mg, persist for squid and for mammals. These concentration differences are used to carry out many of the vital tasks that are necessary to maintain life.
1.3 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
1.3.1 Ion Sizes
There is some disagreement as to the sizes of the ions of the s-block (particularly of Li+). However, Pauling's values have, by and large, stood the test of time and are shown in Table 1.2.
We will find that ion size is particularly relevant when the transfer of ions through channels is being considered. For example, a long-standing vexing question arises as to how a dehydrated Na+ ion, which is substantially smaller than a K+ ion, can be rejected by the very selective K+ channel. Earlier proposals have now been strongly supported and extended by an X-ray crystallographic examination of the K+ channel (KcsA) cloned in mg amounts from the membrane of the bacterium Streptomyces lividans. For more about the channel structure and passage of K+ through the pore see 3.4.2. The constriction (~ 3Å across) at the selectivity filter demands that all coordinated H2Os are stripped from the hydrated ion for passage of the ion through the channel. An ideal fit and coordination by the channel O atoms compensate for the associated energy loss. These criteria apply to K+ ions much better than to Na ions. This accounts for an ~102 preference for K+ ion entry (see Figure 1.1).
1.3.2 Donor Atoms and Strength of Binding
The s-block cations are highly electropositive and in the formation of complexes with smaller ligands have a preference for those with O-donor atoms. This generalization applies equally well to their coordination in metallobiomolecules where the ligands are polypeptides, proteins, nucleotides (1) and polynucleotides. In these ligands the O atoms are provided by the RCO-2 and OH groups from the side chains of amino acids, -C = O from peptide bonds and PO3-4, HPO2-4, H2O or OH- moieties. Some illustrative formation constants and comments are shown in Table 1.3 (see Structure (1)).
Many enzymes require the presence of a +1 cation, particularly K+ (2.2.2), for activity. The interactions of Na+ and K+ with these enzymes is unlikely to be strong and therefore the metal ion is not an integral part of the enzyme. In the several crystal structures that have been solved, the first coordination sphere around Na+ or K+ has been occupied predominantly by oxygen atoms.
The atoms that coordinate to Mg2+ and Ca2+ are a much more important consideration as these ions form much stronger complexes, see Table 1.3. A startling illustration of the stronger binding power of Ca+ over Na+ is in the behaviour of mucus. Mucus is a slimy material rich in the glycoprotein mucin. It is an effective lubricant in the mouth, stomach, etc. and aids in the transfer of dirt and bacteria from the lungs to the mouth. It is stored as compact granules in the secretory vesicles within goblet shaped cells. The condensed polymer gel is maintained by high Ca+ (and H+) ion concentrations. These ions bind to the negative charges on the sulfate and sialic termini (acidic sugars found in many glycoproteins) of the long mucus strands. Mucus is released by intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) regulated exocytosis (5.1). The tightly packed mucin rapidly springs open as the Ca2+ ion concentration falls and is replaced by Naions. The sodium ions cannot hold the mucin together, so due to negative charge repulsions, mucin goes to the expanded state in an explosive release. The mucin network in the giant granules of the slug expands approximately 600-fold in 20-30 ms!
Suffocating Mucus is Used as a Weapon by Hagfish
The hagfish is an eel-like scavenger that can attack and suffocate predator fish using mucus. Hagfish have about 150 slime glands along their sides. When provoked the gland contents are ejected rapidly into the surrounding sea. The contents include the mucin-packed vesicles that break open. The ejected slime (about 5 g), which is a mixture of mucus (expanded mucin) and thin strong fibres that act as a scaffold, is an effective trap. Hagfish can strip fish (live, dead or dying!) so entangled using a rasp-like tongue.
Oxygen donor atoms are strongly preferred by Mg ions and these emanate from phosphate groups in DNA, RNA, ribozymes, etc. Sometimes this coordination is reinforced by attachment of a nucleotide base N atom. This interaction is probably the most important impact made by Mg ions in biology.
Diagnoses of Illnesses Could be Simplified
In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a target DNA segment with a genetic sequence specific for a particular organism can be amplified millions-fold using a specific primer (oligonucleotide), DNA polymerase and the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.
If the blood of a patient contains the target DNA arising, for example, from a bacterium, then by applying PCR, conversion of the nucleotides into DNA will occur and the bacterial-induced illness can be diagnosed. A method suggested for the detection of the PCR-amplified material uses the release of Mg2+ ions (and the attendant conductivity increase) that accompanies the conversion of the nucleotides to DNA. The nucleotides, with three phosphate groups, bind more strongly to Mg2+ ion than does DNA, with only one phosphate group per base.
The binding of four N atoms from the corrin ring in chlorophyll to Mg+ a rare example of nitrogen coordination in a biomolecule with an s-block cation.
1.3.3 Calcium Binding Domains
Only O-donor atoms are known so far for Ca2+ ion binding to biomole-cules. Two Ca+ ion-binding motifs in particular are favoured in hundreds of proteins with widely varying functions. These are the EF hand, typified by the calcium site in calmodulin, and C-domains. The binding of the latter to phospholipids greatly enhances the strength of Ca+ ion binding (see below).
There are two globe-shaped regions connected by a seven-turn α-helix at the N- and C-termini of calmodulin. Each globular region contains two Ca2+ ion binding sites. The amino acid sequence at each Ca+ ion binding site is highly conserved in the proteins from various animals and plants. Each calcium ion is seven-coordinated, with the O atoms provided by side chain carboxylate (glu, asp), carbamoyl (gin, asn) and alcohol or peptide C=O (thr, ser, tyr) groups and H2O. These originate from the 12 residue-containing loop in the E helix-loop-F helix motif (also called the E-F hand), that is also found in other calcium binding proteins (2.5). The E helix-loop-F helix motif contains a sequence of amino acids that is a useful signature for locating similar new proteins. This was one of the first structural motifs to be recognized in protein structures.
The other important Ca2+ binding entity is a so-called C2-domain. This domain also binds to phospholipid and this combination enhances Caion binding by 103-fold. In turn, Ca2+ ions promote membrane binding by C2-domains. The C2-domain, about 130 residues in length, is present in a wide range of proteins, e.g. protein kinase C, cytosolic phospholipase A2, PLCδ1 (3.5.2) and synaptotagmin (2.5.3). In the C2-domain, multiple Caions bind in clusters. The residues involved are often aspartate side chains acting as bidentate ligands. PLCδ1 contains both E-F-hand and C2 domains as well as catalytic sites.
1.3.4 Geometry of Binding
The regular geometries encountered with small complexes of these metals (octahedral coordination is most favoured) are not generally duplicated in metalloproteins because of the constraints imposed by the protein structure. Sometimes the s-block metal ion may even be compelled to bind to an N-donor, which has been forced into a coordination position by the protein.
Dialkylglycine decarboxylase (DGD) is a pyridoxyl phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyses decarboxylation and transamination in a catalytic cycle (Equation 1).
(CH3)2C(NH2)COOH + CH3COCOOH [right arrow]
CH3CH(NH2)COOH + CO2 + (CH3)CO (1)
Crystal structures of the enzyme with either a K+ or an Na+ ion in position near the active site have been very informative about the geometries and the roles of the univalent metal ions in the catalysis. In DGD, six oxygen atoms are octahedrally disposed around the K+ ion (M-ligand ~ 2.73 Å) whereas only five oxygens form a distorted trigonal bipyramid around the Na+ ion (M-ligand ~ 2.33 Å), Figure 1.2.
The change of geometry around the Na+ ion induces marked changes in the orientation of tyr-301, which probably interacts with bound substrates, and in ser-80, which is a K+ but not an Na+ ligand. These changes disrupt the nearby active site and can be used to rationalize the facts that Na+ ion is an inhibitor and K+ ion an activator of the enzyme.
The ionic radius of Mg22+ is much smaller than that of Ca2+ (Table 1.2). Usually the protein is not flexible enough to adjust the coordinating O atoms to the smaller Mg2+ ion. As a consequence, fewer O atoms from the protein are likely to coordinate to the Mg2+ ion (preferred coordination number of six) without strain, compared to the Ca2+ ion (coordination numbers of 6–8 common). This is the reason that the Ca2+ ion forms the stronger, more diverse complexes. The differences in the geometries exhibited by Ca2+ compared to those of the Mg2+ ion may cause different structural perturbations when each of these ions is associated with an enzyme. This idea has been used to rationalize the 10-3 difference in rates when an Mg2+ ion is replaced by Ca2+ ion in the reaction catalysed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in which Mg2þ is the endogenous ion in vivo (Equation 2).
1.3.5 Kinetic Lability
The hydrated Na+, K+ and Ca2+ cations are extremely labile – that is their coordinated water molecules exchange with solvent water at rates in excess of 108 s-1. The replacement of coordinated water by ligands is therefore facile and unlikely to be a rate-limiting step. This is particularly important if the triggering action of Ca2+ ions is to be effective. In contrast the water exchange rates for Mg2+ ions are much slower (~105 s-1).
1.4 SOLUBILITY OF SALTS AND ATTENDANT PROBLEMS
Most common sodium and potassium salts are soluble in water, although the solubilities cover a wide range. Therefore the presence of N+ or K+ ions even in high concentrations in the cellular milieu, which contains several anions, usually causes no precipitation problems. An exception to this is in hyperuricemia where the offending anion is urate (2) (2,6,8-trioxypurine anion).
A Pain in the Big Toe
In higher primates the final product of purine degradation is uric acid, which is excreted in the urine. The overproduction, or impaired elimination, of uric acid leads to elevated amounts in serum (hyperuricemia) and urine. This results in the deposition of sodium urate crystals in extreme joints, e.g. the big toe, which is the inherited disease gout. A mixture of uric acid and sodium urate (kidney stones) can promote kidney disease. These problems only occur in humans, apes and the Dalmatian dog (!) because they lack or are unable to use the enzyme uricase, which in other mammals catalyses the further degradation of uric acid to very soluble allantoin (3).
(Continues...)
Excerpted from The Role of Calcium and Comparable Cations in Animal Behaviour by R. G. Wilkins, P. C. Wilkins. Copyright © 2003 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
"About the title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Shipping rates from Germany to U.S.A.
| Item | 26 to 60 business days | 26 to 60 business days |
|---|---|---|
| First item | US$ 54.84 | US$ 54.84 |
Payment methods
- Bank Wire Transfer
- Check
- Paypal
Store description
Online Handel nur mit Neubüchern
Seller's business information
Moluna GmbH
Engberdingdamm 27
Greven, Germany 48268
Terms of sale
Instructions for revocation/
Standard Business Terms and customer information/ data protection declaration
Revocation right for consumers
(A ‘consumer’ is any natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities.)
Instructions for revocation
Revocation right
You have the right to revoke this contract within one month without specifying any reasons.
The revocation period is one month with effect from the day,
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the products, provided you had ordered one or more products within the scope of a standard order and this/these product/products is/are delivered uniformly;
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last product, provided you had ordered several products within the scope of a standard order and these products are delivered separately;
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last part delivery or the last unit, provided you had ordered a product, which is delivered in several part deliveries or units;
In order to exercise your revocation right, you must inform us (Moluna GmbH, Engberdingdamm 27, 48268 Greven, Telephone number: 02571/5 69 89 33, Fax number: 02571/5 69 89 30, E-Mail address: abe@moluna.de) of your decision to revoke this contract by means of a clear declaration (e.g. a letter sent via post, fax or email). You can use the enclosed specimen revocation form for this, which however is not mandatory.
In order to safeguard the revocation period, it is sufficient that you send the notification about the exercise of the revocation right before the expiry of the revocation period.
Consequences of the revocation
If you revoke this contract, we shall repay all the payments, which we received from you, including the delivery costs (with the exception of additional costs, which arise from that fact that you selected a form of delivery other than the most reasonable standard delivery offered by us), immediately and at the latest within 14 days from the day on which we received the notification about the revocation of this contract from you. We use the same means of payment, which you had originally used during the original transaction, for this repayment unless expressly agreed otherwise with you; you will not be charged any fees owing to this repayment.
We can refuse the repayment until the products are returned to us or until you have furnished evidence that you have sent the products back to us, depending on whichever is earlier.
You must return or transfer the products to us immediately and, in any case, at the latest within 14 days with effect from the day on which you inform us of the revocation of this contract. The deadline is maintained if you send the products before the expiry of the 14 day deadline.
You bear the direct costs for returning the products.
You must pay for any depreciation of the products only if this depreciation can be attributed to any handling with you that was not necessary for checking the condition, features and functionality of the products.
Criteria for exclusion or expiry
The revocation right is not available for contracts
for delivery of products, which are not prefabricated and for whose manufacturing an individual selection or stipulation by the consumer is important or which are clearly tailored to the personal requirements of the consumer;
for delivery of products, which can spoil quickly or whose use-by date would be exceeded quickly;
for delivery of alcoholic drinks, whose price was agreed at the time of concluding the contract, which however can be delivered 30 days after the conclusion of the contract at the earliest and whose current value depends on the fluctuations in the market, on which the entrepreneur has no influence;
for delivery of newspapers, periodicals or magazines with the exception of subscription contracts.
The revocation right expires prematurely in case of contracts
for delivery of sealed products, which are not suitable for return for reasons of health protection or hygiene if their seal has been removed after the delivery;
for delivery of products if they have been mixed inseparably with other goods after the delivery, owing to their condition;
for delivery of sound or video recording or computer software in a sealed package if the seal has been removed after the delivery.
Specimen - revocation form
(If you wish to revoke the contract, please fill up this form and send it back to us.)
-
To Moluna GmbH, Münsterstr. 105, 48268 Greven, Fax number: 02571/5 69 89 30, Email address: abe@moluna.de :
-
I/we () herewith revoke the contract concluded by me/ us () regarding the purchase of the following products ()/
the provision of the following service () -
Ordered on ()/ received on ()
-
Name of the consumer(s)
-
Address of the consumer(s)
-
Signature of the consumer(s) (only in case of a notification on paper)
-
Date
(*) Cross out the incorrect option.
Standard Business Terms and customer information / data protection declaration
I. Standard business terms
§ 1 Basic provisions
(1) The following terms and conditions of business apply for all contracts concluded with us as the supplier (Moluna GmbH) via the websites AbeBooks and/or ZVAB. Unless otherwise agreed, the inclusion of your own terms and conditions is explicitly rejected.
(2) A ‘consumer’ in the sense of the following regulations is every natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities. The term ‘businessman’ refers to every natural person, legal person or legally responsible partnership that concludes a legal transaction in pursuance of his/its independent professional or commercial activity.
§ 2 Conclusion of the contract
(1) The subject-matter of the contract is the selling of products .
(2) If an article is placed by us with AbeBooks or ZVAB, the activation of the page on AbeBooks or ZVAB shall involve the binding offer to conclude a contract under the terms and conditions contained in the article page.
(3) The contract shall become effective via the online shopping cart system as follows:
The products intended for purchase are moved to the "shopping cart". You can select the "Shopping Cart" using the appropriate buttons on the navigation bar and make changes there at any time.
After calling up the “Checkout” page and entering the required personal data and payment and shipping conditions, all order information is then displayed again on the order summary page.
Before submitting the order, you have the ability once more to review or change any information here (you may also use the "back" button on the Internet browser), or to cancel the purchase.
By clicking the “Buy now” button to submit the order, you declare your legally binding acceptance of the order which makes the contract effective.
(4) The execution of the order and the sending of all the details necessitated by the conclusion of the contract take place via e-mail, in a partially-automated manner. Consequently, you have to ensure that the e-mail address that you have deposited with us is the correct one, and that the receipt of the respective e-mails is guaranteed. In particular, you have to ensure that the respective e-mails are not blocked by a SPAM filter.
§ 3 Right of retention, reservation of proprietary rights
(1) You can only exercise a right of retention if the situation in question involves claims arising from the same contractual relationship.
(2) The goods remain our property until the purchase price is paid in full.
(3) If you are a businessman, the following conditions also apply:
a) We retain ownership of the goods until all the claims arising from the ongoing business relationship have been settled in full. The goods subject to retention of title may not be pledged or transferred by way of security before ownership of the said goods changes hands.
b) You can re-sell the goods within the framework of an orderly transaction. In this regard, you hereby cede all the claims amounting to the magnitude of the billing amount that accrue to you as a result of the re-selling operation to us, and we accept the cession. Furthermore, you are authorised to collect the claim in question. However, insofar as you do not discharge your payment obligations in an orderly fashion, we reserve the right to collect the claim ourselves.
c) In a situation involving the combination and amalgamation of the goods subject to retention of title, we acquire co-ownership of the newly-formed item. This co-ownership corresponds to the ratio that exists between the invoice value of the goods subject to retention of title and the other processed items at the time of processing.
d) If you make a request of this nature, we shall be obligated to release the securities that are due to us, to the extent that the realisable value of our securities exceeds the claim to be secured by more than 10%. We are responsible for selecting the securities to be released.
§ 4 Warranty
(1) The statutory warranty rights are applicable.
(2) As a consumer, you are requested to promptly check the product for completeness, visible defects and transport damage as soon as it is delivered, and promptly disclose your complaints to us and the shipping company in writing. Even if you do not comply with this request, it shall have no effect on your legal warranty claims.
(3) If a characteristic of the goods deviates from the objective requirements, the deviation shall only be deemed to be agreed if you were informed of the same by us before submitting the contractual declaration and the deviation was expressly and separately agreed between the contracting parties.
(4)
Insofar as you are an entrepreneur, the following shall apply in deviation from the above warranty provisions:
a) Only our own specifications and the manufacturer's product description shall be deemed agreed as the quality of the goods, but not other advertising, public promotions and statements by the manufacturer.
b) In the event of defects, we shall, at our discretion, provide warranty by rectification of the defect or subsequent delivery. If the rectification of defects fails, you may, at your option, demand a reduction in price or withdraw from the contract. The rectification of defects shall be deemed to have failed after a second unsuccessful attempt, unless the nature of the goods or the defect or other circumstances indicate otherwise. In the event of rectification of defects, we shall not be obliged to bear the increased costs arising from the transport of the goods to a place other than the place of performance, unless such transport is in accordance with the intended use of the goods.
c) The warranty period shall be one year from delivery of the goods. The shortening of the period shall not apply
- for culpable damage attributable to us arising from injury to life, limb or health and for other damage caused intentionally or by gross negligence;
- insofar as we have fraudulently concealed the defect or have assumed a guarantee for the quality of the item;
- in the case of items which have been used for a building in accordance with their customary use and have caused its defectiveness;
- in the case of statutory rights of recourse that you may assert against us in connection with rights arising from defects.
§ 5 Choice of law, place of fulfilment, jurisdiction
(1) German law shall apply. This choice of law only applies to customers if it does not result in the revocation of the protection guaranteed by the mandatory provisions of the law of the country in which the respective customer’s usual place of residence is located (benefit-of-the-doubt principle).
(2) If you are not a consumer, but a businessman, a legal entity under public law or an institutional fund governed by public law, our place of business is the place of jurisdiction as well as the place of fulfilment for all services that follow from the business relationships that exist with us. The same condition applies to situations in which you are not associated with a general place of jurisdiction in Germany or the EU, as well as situations in which the place of residence or the usual place of residence is not known at the time of commencement of proceedings. This has no bearing on the capacity to call upon the court associated with another place of jurisdiction.
(3) The provisions of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods are explicitly inapplicable.
II. Customer information
- Identity of the seller
Moluna GmbH
Engberdingdamm 27
48268 Greven
Germany
Telephone: 02571/5698933
E-Mail: abe@moluna.de
- Information regarding the conclusion of the contract
The technical steps associated with the conclusion of the contract, the contract conclusion itself and the correction options are executed in accordance to the regulations "conclusion of the contract" in our standard business terms (part I.).
- Contractual language, saving the text of the contract
3.1 Contract language shall be English.
3.2 The complete text of the contract is not saved with us. Before the order is sent, the contract data can be printed out or electronically saved using the browser’s print function. After the order is received by us, the order data, the legally-mandated details related to distance selling contracts and the standard business terms are re-sent to you via e-mail.
- Main features of the product or service
The key features of the goods and/or services can be found in the respective quote.
- Prices and payment arrangements
5.1 The prices mentioned in the respective offers represent total prices, as do the shipping costs. They include all the price components, including all the incidental taxes.
5.2 The dispatch costs that are incurred are not included in the purchase price. They can be viewed by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote, are shown separately over the course of the order transaction and must additionally be borne by you, insofar as free delivery is not confirmed.
5.3 The payment methods that are available to you are shown by clicking the appropriate button on our website or are disclosed in the respective quote.
5.4 Unless otherwise specified for the respective payment methods, the payment claims arising from the contract that has been concluded become payable immediately.
- Delivery conditions
6.1 The delivery conditions, delivery date and existing supply restrictions, if applicable, can be found by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote.
Unless a different period is specified in the item description or our delivery conditions, the goods are delivered within 3-5 days after the conclusion of the contract (in case an advance payment has been agreed upon, after the payment authorisation).
6.2 If you are a consumer, the following is statutorily regulated: The risk of the sold item accidentally being destroyed or degraded during shipping only passes over to you when the item in question is delivered, regardless of whether or not the shipping operation is insured. This condition does not apply if you have independently commissioned a transport company that has not been specified by us or a person who has otherwise been appointed to execute the shipping operation.
If you are a businessman, the delivery and shipping operations take place at your own risk.
- Statutory warranty right
Liability for defects is governed by the “Warranty” provisions in our General Terms and Conditions of Business (Part I).
last update: 01.01.2022
Data protection declaration
Unless stated otherwise below, the provision of your personal data is neither legally nor contractually obligatory, nor required for conclusion of a contract. You are not obliged to provide your data. Not providing it will have no consequences. This only applies as long as the processing procedures below do not state otherwise.
“Personal data” is any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.
Responsible person
Contact us at any time. The contact details of the person responsible for data processing can be found in our legal notice.
Collection, processing, and transfer of personal data in orders
When you submit an order we only collect and use your personal data insofar as this is necessary for the fulfilment and handling of your order as well as processing of your queries. The provision of data is necessary for conclusion of a contract. Failure to provide it will prevent the conclusion of any contract. The processing will occur on the basis of Article 6(1) b) GDPR and is required for the fulfilment of a contract with you.
Your data is transferred here for example to the shipping companies and dropshipping providers, payment service providers, service providers for handling the order and IT service providers that you have selected. We will comply strictly with legal requirements in every case. The scope of data transmission is restricted to a minimum.
Duration of storage
After contractual processing has been completed, the data is initially stored for the duration of the warranty period, then in accordance with the retention periods prescribed by law, especially tax and commercial law, and then deleted after the period has elapsed, unless you have agreed to further processing and use.
Rights of the affected person
If the legal requirements are fulfilled, you have the following rights according to art. 15 to 20 GDPR: Right to information, correction, deletion, restriction of processing, data portability. You also have a right of objection against processing based on art. 6 (1) GDPR, and to processing for the purposes of direct marketing, according to art. 21 (1) GDPR.
Right to complain to the regulatory authority
You have the right to complain to the regulatory authority according to art. 77 GDPR if you believe that your data is not being processed legally.
Right to object
If the data processing outlined here is based on our legitimate interests in accordance with Article 6(1)f) GDPR, you have the right for reasons arising from your particular situation to object at any time to the processing of your data with future effect.
If the objection is successful, we will no longer process the personal data, unless we can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing that outweigh your interests or rights and freedoms, or the processing is intended for the assertion, exercise or defence of legal claims.
last update: 10.01.2022