The Science and Technology Resources of Japan: A Comparison With the United States (Classic Reprint)

Excerpt from The Science and Technology Resources of Japan: A Comparison With the United States

Much quantitative information is available on Ja pan's scientific research and experimental development. While most data for the United States and Japan are directly comparable, there are some definitional differ ences in particular statistical series; in such cases, em phasis is placed on each country' s trends rather than on absolute values. Appendix A, Technical Notes, details such differences and any adjustments that were made to the Japanese or us. Data to make them more com parable.

Another comparative problem arises when Japanese expenditures are converted into US dollars. Yen-dollar market exchange rates have become rather volatile, re flecting dynamics that are increasingly independent of the relative purchasing power of the currencies. To avoid the distortions that arise froi'n market exchange rate con versions, purchasing power parities calculated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop ment are used to convert yen to dollars. Additionally, gnp implicit price deflators are used to convert current dollars into constant 1982 dollars in order to provide time series data that reflect real, rather than nominal, trends in expenditures. A brief discussion of purchasing power parities is included in appendix A.

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