The Speculatores: The Men Who Spied for Rome

Over recent decades, scholars of ancient Roman history have begun to peel back the veils on the realm of intelligence within the Roman State, exploring its integral role in shaping Rome's defensive grand strategy. While the consensus posits a noticeable shift from indifference during the Republic era (509-27 BCE) to a more engaged stance in the imperial epoch post 27 BCE, it particularly highlights the Dominate period (284-476 CE) as the 'Golden Age' of Roman intelligence endeavors.

However, a veil of ambiguity still shrouds Rome's engagement in external or foreign intelligence operations, notably espionage. Amidst this scholarly dissonance, The Speculatores: The Men Who Spied for Rome embarks on an exploratory voyage to unearth the roots of this disagreement. With a keen eye on the historical narrative and a robust analysis, this book endeavors to bridge the gap in understanding, delving into the very rationale that questions the existence and extent of Roman espionage activities

As you traverse through the pages, The Speculatores unveils the clandestine world of those who might have operated in the shadows for the glory of Rome, offering a fresh lens through which to understand the unseen sinews that perhaps bolstered the mighty Roman machinery of statecraft and defense.

Mario J. A. Bartolini holds a master's degree in political history from the Université de Sherbrooke and a master's degree in war studies from the Royal Military College of Canada. He has published on Roman military history, specifically on the evolution of the great strategy of defense of the Roman Empire and on intelligence-related activities carried out under the imperial regime. Now retired, he served as an officer in the Canadian Forces Reserve, and his professional career of 24 years was in the field of public safety and national security.