Stretch Intensity and the Inflammatory Response: A Paradigm Shift

In this manuscript, practitioners and students who are concerned with sports and rehabilitation medicine, kinesiology, as well as coaches and athletes, are introduced to numerous concepts, including mechanotransduction, inflammation, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, calpains, the extracellular matrix, neutrophils and macrophages, and their relevance to stretching, particularly stretching intensity. Although the quantitative parameters of training, duration, and frequency are important, it is the qualitative criterion of intensity (“how much”) that the author suggests is ultimately of greater concern. Intensity, the rate and magnitude of force, may be responsible for the proper recovery, regeneration, and adaptation of the musculoskeletal tissues from training, competition, or rehabilitation from injuries. Research suggests that too much force results in the stimulation of an inflammatory response, one associated with a biochemical feedback emerging from a mechanical stimulus. The intent of this manuscript is twofold: to initiate the discussion of the importance of stretching intensity with regard to proper recovery, regeneration, and adaptation, and to suggest that researchers need to explore its potential role in addressing numerous inflammatory (RA) and non-inflammatory (OA, recurrent tendinitis etc.) musculoskeletal conditions as well.

Nikos C. Apostolopoulos PhD, a recovery and regeneration specialist, is the founder of microstretching® and stretch therapy®. He received his PhD and MPhil from Wolverhampton University (UK) and his BPHE (sports medicine) from the University of Toronto (CAN). Nikos has worked and continues to work and consult with professional, elite, and amateur athletes, and with numerous sports organisations (NHL, NBA, NFL, EPL, MLS, NCAA, ERL). Presently, he is affiliated with the Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto (CAN), is an editor for numerous international sports journals, and is a member of IASP and ISEI.