Cooperation is pervasive throughout nature, but its origin remains an open question.
For decades, social scientists, business leaders, and economists have struggled with an important question: why is cooperation so ubiquitous among unrelated humans? The answers would have profound effects because anything that promotes cooperation leads to more productive work environments and benefits society at large. Game theory provides an ideal framework for studying social dilemmas, or those situations in which people decide whether to cooperate with others (benefitting the group) or defect by prioritizing their self-interest (benefitting only the individual). The social dilemma is formulated as a mathematical game and then programmed into a computer model. Simulating the game allows researchers to investigate potential theories to explain how cooperation emerges and what promotes its persistence.
Over the past 25 years, countless papers on social dilemma games have been published, yet arguably little progress has been made. The problem is the social dilemma game models are unrealistic in the sense they contain artificial constructs that deviate from the way humans act. This book describes the shortcomings in current social dilemma game modeling techniques and provides guidance on designing more effective models. A basic introduction to game theory is provided with an emphasis on the prisoner's dilemma, the most widely studied social dilemma game. Individual chapters are provided detailing the shortcomings of weak selection, spatial games, and the Moran process. Computer model validation is also discussed at length. The recommendations found in this book should help design more realistic social dilemma game models likely to produce a better understanding of human cooperation.
Garrison W. Greenwood received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering at the University of Washington in Seattle, WA. He spent over a decade in industry designing multi-processor embedded systems and computer models for companies including Boeing, Honeywell, and Space Labs Medical. He then entered academia where he is currently a professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Portland State University, Portland, OR. He was a Visiting Faculty at the University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia for all of 2013. His research interests are evolvable hardware, cyber-physical systems, and evolutionary game theory.
Dr. Greenwood has been actively involved in the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (CIS). He is the past chair of the Evolutionary Computation Technical Committee and served four years as the CIS Vice-President of Conferences. From 2006-2014 he was the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. He is currently serving on the CIS Ethics Committee and is member of the CIS Technical Committee on Games.
Dr. Greenwood is a member of the Tau Beta Pi and Eta Kappa Nu engineering honor societies and is a Registered Professional Electrical Engineer in the State of California.
Dr. Daniel Ashlock is a professor of mathematics at the University of Guelph with over 250 peer reviewed publications. His research focus is in computational intelligence, particularly representation, with a focus on games. In addition to working on automatic content generation, Dr. Ashlock is a fantasy role playing game designer, and also has published extensively on evolution in mathematical games. He serves as an associate editor of the
IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence in Games and for the new journal
Game and Puzzle Design.
