Surfaces and Interfaces of Liquid Crystals

Igor Musevic, Cindy Nieuwkerk and Theo Rasing Since the pioneering work on surface-induced alignment of liquid crystals, performed by Lehmann [1], Grandjean [2], Mauguin [3], Chatelain [4], and others [5], scientist have been looking for the answer to the question: why do certain surfaces align liquid crystals and others not'? The answer to this question has become even more important with the advent of modern liquid crystal display technologies, that are based on re­ liable and technologically controllable surface alignment of liquid crystals, used in a variety of electrooptic devices, such as liquid crystal displays, light modulators, optical shutters, switches, holographic systems, etc. During the last decade, the progress in the technology of liquid crystal devices, as well as the discovery of a variety of novel liquid crystalline phases have triggered a considerable and intense scientific interest in the microscopic origin of surface alignment. Fortunately, this renewed scientific and techno­ logical interest was accompanied by the advent of modern, surface sensitive experimental techniques, that have been successfully used in the study of liquid crystal interfaces. Whereas a decade ago the mechanisms of surface alignment were "poorly understood", nowadays we can claim that we do un­ derstand most of the "mysteries" of the surface alignment of liquid crystals.

 

This overview of the state of the art of our understanding of the liquid crystal-surface interactions on a molecular level describes recent research into the surface and interface properties of the substrate-liquid crystal interface. These properties play an essential role in the operation of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and other LC devices, and every LC electro-optic device is based on the controllable anchoring of LC molecules on a (polymer coated) solid. The microscopic interaction between a macromolecule (liquid crystal, polymer) and a wall is still poorly understood. This book reports on the results of collaboration between several European Laboratories to study the liquid crystal interfaces with novel, surface and interface-sensitive experimental techniques, such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Linear and Nonlinear Optical Microscopy and (Dynamic) Light Scattering (DLS). These experimental techniques were complemented with computer simulations and supra molecular chemistry methods to develop controllable polymeric surfaces.