Syntax of the Participle in the Apostolic Fathers in the Editio Minor of GebhardtHarnackZahn A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Depa

Excerpt from Syntax of the Participle in the Apostolic Fathers in the Editio Minor of Gebhardt-Harnack-Zahn: A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate Divinity School of the University of Chicago in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, (Department of New Testament Language and Literature)

The verb, by its root or composition, and the context Show: (1) that the action is single and momentary, the beginning and end occurring practically at the same instant or, at most, in a very brief period (momen tary); (2) or that the action or state extends over any conceivable length of time, definite or indefinite, which may be represented by a line of definite or indefinite length, but reduced to a point by perspective (comprehensive); (3) or that the action consists of a series of events any one of which may be momentary or comprehensive, and represented by a point or by a line reduced to a point, the whole series being in turn reduced to a point by perspective (collective); (4) or that the act to which the aorist tense is applied is, in fact, the beginning of an action or state (ingressive); (5) or that the act to which the aorist tense is applied is, in fact, the conclusion of an action, the speaker having in mind only the end, or culmination, of the action (eective).

The ingressive and the effective action are not always strictly momentary, but practically they may be so regarded, and may be represented by a point.

Grammarians usually speak of the ingressive and the effective force as functions of the aorist tense, and so they seem. But may not this be due, in part at least, to the fact that the aorist tense describes an action as a simple event, thus allowing the inception or the result of the action (the possibility of which in such cases lies inherent in the verb) to manifest itself at the demand of the context Not the aorist but something else tells whether a given case is ingressive or effective or not. The same verb, e.g., Bakery, may be ingressive, let fly (an arrow), or effective, hit (a man), or it may possibly describe the whole of an action as simply having occurred, hurl (an unlimited, indefinite conception). The tense as such does not tell which of these is meant in any given case. This, like momentary, comprehensive, and collective action, is learned from the verb and the context.

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