Tested electronics troubleshooting methods

In this complete, up-to-the-minute volume, you'll find a wealth of simplified, time-saving shortcuts when troubleshooting any and every type of electronic equipment. Whether you are an experienced technician, serviceman or repairman, a beginner in the field, or an interested hobbyist, you'll find fast, valuable formulas that save hours of work, guesswork, and extra work. Invaluable to the troubleshooter are four basic, yet vital techniques which can be applied, singly or in combination, to find 99% of all 1. The Symptom-Function Technique which tells you the probable trouble just be observing the symptoms; 2. Signal Tracing, which follows the electronic signals through the circuits, straight to the source of the defect; 3. The Voltage-Resistance Technique pinpointing the defective component; and 4. The Substitution Technique for verifying or, in some types of equipment, finding the trouble fast by knowing what and how to substitute.