"On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion Part II", in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London".

++The Discovery if the Joule-Thomson Effect++ THOMSON, William (Lord Kelvin), J.P. Joule, "On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion Part II", in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London". London: Royal Society of London, 1854, vol. 144, with the Thomson-Joule on pp 321-364. Extracted from a larger volume, without wrappers. VG copy. [++] "The only substantial contribution to thermodynamics to which the joint names of Joule and Thomson are attached belongs to an idea conceived by Thomson, who saw the possibility of analyzing the deviations of gas properties from the ideal behavior. In particular a non-ideal gas, made to expand slowly through a porous plug so as to approximate a specified mathematical condition. would in general undergo cooling (essentially a transformation of atomic motion into work spent against the interatomic attractions). But the application of the Joule-Thomson effect to technology of refrigeration belongs to a later stage in the development of thermodynamics."--"Complete Dictionary Scientific Biography" (online). [++]"Joule-Thomson effect, the change in temperature that accompanies expansion of a gas without production of work or transfer of heat. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, all real gases except hydrogen and helium cool upon such expansion; this phenomenon often is utilized in liquefying gases. The phenomenon was investigated in 1852 by the British physicists James Prescott Joule and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). The cooling occurs because work must be done to overcome the long-range attraction between the gas molecules as they move farther apart. Hydrogen and helium will cool upon expansion only if their initial temperatures are very low because the long-range forces in these gases are unusually weak."--Encyclopedia Britannica online.…