Trace Element Speciation for Environment, Food and Health
Language: English
Published by Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001
- Hardcover
- New
Condition: New
US$ 139.76
Quantity: Over 20 available
Add to basketItem description from seller
This book provides an insight into applied research in the speciation field and how it has become so important in all the fields represented.InhaltsverzeichnisIUPAC Definitions for Terms Related to Chemical Speciation and Fractionati.
Seller Inventory # 595098177
- Title
- Trace Element Speciation for Environment, Food and Health
- Author
- Ebdon, L.
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Publication year
- 2001
- Condition
- New
- Binding
- Gebunden
- Language
- English
- ISBN 10
- 0854044590
- ISBN 13
- 9780854044597
The ongoing progress of science has shown that it is important for analytical scientists to determine not only the presence of particular elements, but also their species. There are many fields where this is applicable, and where there are a number of topics to be addressed. Developing separation and measurement systems for the many element species has tested the resourcefulness of analytical chemists over recent decades. A product of the EU sponsored Speciation 21 Network, this book presents a detailed review of the state-of-the-art of speciation issues in the occupational health, food and environment sectors, along with the main conclusions arising from discussions held during expert meetings. Topics covered include mercury and organotin compounds in the environment; factors affecting the health of workers; the importance of speciation of trace elements for health, and subsequent metabolism in the body; analytical methodologies; risk assessment; and legislation. Trace Element Speciation for Environment, Food and Health provides an insight into applied research in the speciation field and how it has become so important in all the fields represented. With its comprehensive coverage, it will be of particular interest to researchers in industry and academia, as well as government agencies and legislative bodies.
"Synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Trace Element Speciation for Environment, Food and Health
By Les Ebdon, Les Pitts, Rita Cornelis, Helen Crews, O.F.X. Donard, Philippe QuevauvillerThe Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
Contents
Foreword Philippe Quevauviller, v,
IUPAC Definitions for Terms Related to Chemical Speciation and Fractionation of Elements Rita Cornelis, ix,
List of Abbreviations, xxiii,
Contributors, xxv,
General Aspects,
Chapter 1 Accuracy and Traceability in Speciation Analysis Philippe Quevauviller, 3,
Chapter 2 Quality Control in Speciation Analysis Erwin Rosenberg and Freek Ariese, 17,
Chapter 3 Sample Treatment and Storage in Speciation Analysis J.L. Gómez-Ariza, E. Morales, I. Giráldez, and D. Sánchez-Rodas, 51,
Chapter 4 Aspects of the Threshold Limit Concept Bernd Neidhart, 81,
Chapter 5 Considerations of the Legislative Aspects of the Data Quality Requirements in Trace Element Analysis Roger Wood and Helen Crews, 93,
Environment,
Chapter 6 Metal Speciation for Improved Environmental Management O. F. X. Donard, 115,
Chapter 7 Mercury – Do We Know Enough? Milena Horvat, 127,
Chapter 8 Organotin Compounds in the Environment: Still a Critical Issue O. F. X. Donard, G. Lespes, D. Amouroux and R. Morabito, 142,
Chapter 9 An Environmental Case History of the Platinum Group Metals Sebastien Rauch and Gregory M. Morrison, 176,
Chapter 10 Speciation in the Frame of Environmental Bio-monitoring – Challenges for Analytical and Environmental Sciences Hendrik Emons, 188,
Chapter 11 Arsenic Speciation in the Environment Péter Fodor, 196,
Chapter 12 Rapid Tests – A Convenient Tool for Sample Screening with Regard to Element Speciation Martina Unger-Heumann, 211,
Food,
Chapter 13 The Importance of Trace Element Speciation in Food Issues Helen M. Crews, 223,
Chapter 14 Trace Metal Speciation – A View from Inside the Food Industry Simon Branch, 228,
Chapter 15 Trace Element Speciation in Food: A Tool to Assure Food Safety and Nutritional Quality Peter Van Dael, 232,
Chapter 16 Arsenic Intake in the Basque Country (Spain): A Real Need for Speciation I. Urieta, M. Jalón and M. L. Macho, 241,
Chapter 17 Trace Element Speciation and International Food Legislation – A Codex Alimentarius Position Paper on Arsenic as a Contaminant Erik H. Larsen and Torsten Berg, 251,
Chapter 18 The Need for Speciation to Realise the Potential of Selenium in Disease Prevention Sven Moesgaard and Richard Morrill, 261,
Health,
Chapter 19 The Importance of Speciation of Trace Elements in Health Issues Rita Cornelis, 287,
Chapter 20 Occupational Health and Speciation Using Nickel and Nickel Compounds as an Example Sally Pugh Williams, 297,
Chapter 21 Surface Structure and Speciation of Metal Aerosols: A Key to the Understanding of Their Biological Effects Markku Huvinen, 308,
Chapter 22 The Importance of Chromium in Occupational Health Grant Darrie, 315,
Chapter 23 Speciation Related to Human Health Riánsares Muñoz-Olivas and Carmen Cámara, 331,
Chapter 24 Risk Assessment and Trace Element Speciation John H. Duffus, 354,
Overview,
Chapter 25 An Overview Les Ebdon and Les Pitts, 375,
Subject Index, 385,
CHAPTER 1
Accuracy and Traceability in Speciation Analysis
PHILIPPE QUEVAUVILLER
1 Introduction
Traceability issues are of increasing concern in all fields where chemical measurements form the basis for decisions. The concepts of accuracy and traceability as applied to environmental analysis are, however, still prone to misunderstanding. Some years ago, Horwitz stated that 'considerable evidence exists in the literature that few analytical chemists pay attention to the question of the reliability of the analytical results they produce. These chemists believe that a natural law exists in measurement science, that if the directions for conducting a measurement are followed, the true value necessarily results'. This corresponds to the long-term debate about precision or reproducibility over accuracy, which is now relayed by ongoing discussions on accuracy and traceability: while accuracy refers to the closeness of analytical values to 'true values' (trueness) and among various repetitions (precision), the term traceability implies a link between the data obtained and established references, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, all with stated uncertainties. Recent controversial discussions have illustrated the misunderstanding, which may occur among the analytical community with respect to accuracy and traceability issues in the area of speciation analysis, with possible consequences on environmental data interpretation.
Speciation analysis is no longer a new feature. IUPAC defines this term as 'the analytical activity of identifying and measuring the quantity of one or more individual chemical species in a sample'. The speciation of an element is defined as 'the distribution of defined chemical species of an element in a system'. Chemical species of some elements (e.g. organotins, organomercury compounds) are now included in the list of substances to be determined in the frame of international environmental programmes, requiring an increasing knowledge and care with respect to the quality control (including traceability issues) of all monitoring steps (from sampling to reporting data).
Analytical techniques used for the determination of chemical species are generally based on a succession of steps (e.g. extraction, derivatisation, separation, detection) all of which are prone to various sources of systematic errors. Within the last decade, international collaborative efforts (through inter-laboratory studies and certification of reference materials) have enabled the systematic study of hyphenated techniques used for the determination of chemical species of, e.g., arsenic, chromium, mercury, lead, tin and selenium in environmental matrices (water, fish or mussel tissues, sediments). The determination of operationally-defined element fractions (extractable forms of trace elements) in sediment and soil matrices has also been collaboratively studied, mainly to harmonise and standardise extraction schemes, in order to improve the comparability of data (stressing that, strictly speaking, this type of determination should not be covered by the term 'speciation'). In this context, all of these collaborative efforts have been understood as being directed towards the drive for accuracy (trueness and precision as defined below). It has been recognised recently that these achievements have actually led primarily to the establishment of reference points (e.g. certified values in reference materials), which do not necessarily correspond to 'true values', but offer a mean with which laboratories may compare their data internationally and, hence, achieve traceability. This ambiguity still generates confusion and misunderstanding among the scientific community. This chapter discusses this issue, focusing on analytical measurements only. Extending discussions on general traceability issues would imply an examination of steps prior to laboratory work (sampling, storage, etc.) which is beyond the scope of this contribution.
2 Accuracy
The accuracy concept covers the terms trueness and precision. Trueness is defined as 'the closeness of agreement between the 'true value' and the measured value', whereas precision is 'the closeness of agreement between the results obtained by applying the same experimental procedure several times under prescribed conditions'. Trueness relies on the true value of the substance to be measured, which is defined as 'a value, which would be obtained by measurement, if the quantity could be completely defined and if all measurement imperfections could be eliminated'. We will discuss later in this chapter what the practical implications for speciation analysis are. There are three recognised ways to evaluate accuracy:
1 comparison with an 'independent' method (i.e. with different measurement principles and different sources of errors),
2 comparison with other laboratories, and
3 use of Certified Reference Materials.
The principle of establishing certified values of reference materials on the basis of comparisons of independent methods used by different (independent) laboratories has been followed by the European Commission (BCR and its successors). The certified values were long considered to reflect the best estimates of the true values of the certified substances. As discussed below, some may argue that certified values actually represent reference points to achieve traceability, but that they are not necessarily to be considered as true values for the verification of accuracy. Strictly speaking, measurement results are accurate when both the result and its uncertainty are described in units from the 'Systeme International' (SI units), i.e. the kg or the mole for analytical measurements. Previous discussions have underlined that the use of SI units in chemical measurements is quite unrealistic and is only applicable if primary methods ('method having the highest metrological quality, for which a complete uncertainty statement can be written down in terms of SI units', e.g. gravimetry, titrimetry, coulometry, IDMS) are involved.' This will be discussed later in this chapter.
3 The Traceability Concept as Applied to Speciation
Traceability is defined as 'the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties'. The application of this concept to chemical measurements has been extensively discussed over the past ten years. The practice often differs from theory: indeed, analytical chemists usually describe their results (amounts of chemical compounds) in terms of weight or mass, whereas metrologists underline that weighing ignores the chemical nature of the measurand and the fact that particles interact with each other in chemical reactions and not masses of matter. It is recognised that the actual measurement of the 'amount of substances' correspond to approximations, consisting of measuring ratios of 'weight' and converting them into ratios of amount by means of 'atomic weights' or 'molecular weights', which is considered accurate enough for most chemical purposes. In the strict metrological sense, the 'approximations' do not allow one to demonstrate that the measurements are traceable to the relevant SI unit, i.e. the mole. The arguments developed by metrologists are that, in any chemical reaction, the masses of reacting compounds change (even if the effect is extremely small) since there is energy uptake or production. Furthermore, mass is a property of matter with is basically inert, which is not the case for (amount of) particles, which explains why the SI system distinguishes 'mass' from 'amount of substance'. As stressed above, the practice is far removed from theory, and a recent discussion of the key elements of traceability was conducted between analytical chemists and metrologists, to understand the concept and make it applicable to routine chemical measurements. The three key elements concern (1) the link to stated references, (2) the unbroken chain of comparison and (3) the stated uncertainties. The following paragraphs examine how these concepts apply to speciation analysis.
3.1 Stated References for Speciation Analysis
3.1.1 Generalities
The 'stated references' may be reference methods, reference materials or, as already said above, the units of the Systeme International (SI). The mole and the kg are the SI units which underpin chemical measurements; the mole relates atomic/molecular entities to a macro-scale via classical chemical reactions and provides the basis for analytical techniques such as, for example, gravimetry, titrimetry and electrochemical measurements (keeping in mind that the kg is necessary to define the mole). In theory, perfect traceability could be established if each atom/molecule of a certain substance could be counted one by one on a microscopic scale. In practice, the measurements correspond to approximations, e.g. via comparisons of amounts, of instrumental response generated by a number of particles, etc. Basically, establishing SI traceability nowadays implies the ability to demonstrate to what extent the approximations made are clearly related to the stated references. Typically, many chemical measurements are actually traceable to either a reference material or to a (reference) method. In the field of speciation analysis, the 'stated references' can hardly be established to the mole given the present state of knowledge. Indeed, as discussed below, the techniques used involve a series of analytical steps, which multiplies approximations that are still not under control. The references, in this case, are either pure substances or Certified Reference Materials (when they exist). At present, there are no real 'reference methods' in speciation to which results can be traceable, with the exception of operationally-defined parameters (i.e. 'forms' of elements defined according to an extraction protocol, e.g. a single or a sequential extraction protocol, which represents in this case the reference. As stressed above, however, this type of measurement is not really considered as being covered by the term 'speciation').
3.1.2 CRMs as Stated References
It has been emphasised that the 'reference' represented by a CRM is not always reliable since, in many cases, the RM does not have the 'same' matrix as the unknown sample. In most cases, CRMs represent a compromise with respect to the matrix of the unknown sample, which will be useful as a quality control tool. Analytical chemists should not expect more from CRMs than they can offer, i.e. they are to be considered as useful tools for validation and not calibration tools for applying 'correction factors' to measurement results. In other words, if an error is detected in a method when analysing a CRM, this error has to be removed before the analysis of the unknown sample, and not corrected for on the basis of the deviation observed for the CRM results. This may sound trivial, but the validation process of a method, involving the use of CRM(s), is required prior to measuring unknown samples! Furthermore, it should be stressed that a correct result obtained with a CRM does not give a full assurance that 'correct results' will be achieved when analysing unknown samples, due to differences in matrix composition.
In addition, the question of traceability of CRMs, representing complex chemical systems, to SI units is still an open debate. The new ISO definition of a CRM implies 'traceability to an accurate realisation of the unit in which the property values are expressed'. As with the traceability to SI units, this 'accurate realisation' is often difficult to demonstrate in the field of speciation analysis. In practice, the approximations made at different analytical steps do not give proof that a 100% recovery has been obtained (e.g. extraction recovery, derivatisation yield). The approximations are actually more valid when the certified values have been obtained in the frame of inter-laboratory studies involving several (independent) laboratories using a variety of different techniques. Even then, in the absence of a 'definitive method', the collaboratively obtained value is considered to reflect the 'state-of-the-art' of a given method (hence a good reference point), but not necessarily the 'true value' of the measured chemical compound.
As stressed before, traceability of chemical measurements to the SI unit (i.e. to the mole) is achievable for relatively 'simple' determinations such as trace elements in seawater. This has been made possible through measurement rounds between a few metrological laboratories using a so-called 'primary reference method' (in this case isotope dilution mass spectrometry). The traceability of certified values of a RM to the mole is, therefore, theoretically achievable. What is demonstrated for water analysis, however, is far from being achievable for complex matrices requiring chemical pre-treatment, extraction, clean-up, separations, etc. In this case, the 'chain' will be broken at several stages and the traceability will rely on approximations, i.e. recovery estimates. The better these estimates, the closer is the achievement of traceability to the relevant SI unit, the mole. This goes hand-in-hand with the possible achievement of accuracy, i.e. the closeness to the 'true value', which is intimately linked with the possibility of achieving, and demonstrating, a 100% recovery of the measurand at each analytical step, where loss or contamination might occur.
Examples of CRMs developed over the past few years to serve as 'references' for speciation analysis are given in Table I.
3.1.3 Reference to Well-defined Species
As a general comment, one should consider that a given compound may have different species and/or different ways of being reported. An example is tributyltin, (C4H9)3Sn, which may be reported as the cation TBT+, or with its respective anion (e.g. chloride, acetate, oxide), or even as Sn, depending on the analytical techniques used. Therefore, besides the definition of 'stated references' as physical entities (e.g. pure substances or CRMs), the results of speciation analysis require to be traceable to well-defined units and chemical forms. Potentially serious errors are made because results, submitted according to one chemical form, are compared with results reported in a different unit (e.g. comparison of TBT results reported as TBTCl with results reported as Sn). Strictly speaking the results of chemical determinations should be reported as 'amount (of substance) measurements' to comply with the requirements of the SI system.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Trace Element Speciation for Environment, Food and Health by Les Ebdon, Les Pitts, Rita Cornelis, Helen Crews, O.F.X. Donard, Philippe Quevauviller. Copyright © 2001 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
"About the title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Shipping rates from Germany to U.S.A.
| Item | 26 to 60 business days | 26 to 60 business days |
|---|---|---|
| First item | US$ 54.93 | US$ 54.93 |
Payment methods
- Bank Wire Transfer
- Check
- Paypal
Store description
Online Handel nur mit Neubüchern
Seller's business information
Moluna GmbH
Engberdingdamm 27
Greven, Germany 48268
Terms of sale
Instructions for revocation/
Standard Business Terms and customer information/ data protection declaration
Revocation right for consumers
(A ‘consumer’ is any natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities.)
Instructions for revocation
Revocation right
You have the right to revoke this contract within one month without specifying any reasons.
The revocation period is one month with effect from the day,
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the products, provided you had ordered one or more products within the scope of a standard order and this/these product/products is/are delivered uniformly;
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last product, provided you had ordered several products within the scope of a standard order and these products are delivered separately;
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last part delivery or the last unit, provided you had ordered a product, which is delivered in several part deliveries or units;
In order to exercise your revocation right, you must inform us (Moluna GmbH, Engberdingdamm 27, 48268 Greven, Telephone number: 02571/5 69 89 33, Fax number: 02571/5 69 89 30, E-Mail address: abe@moluna.de) of your decision to revoke this contract by means of a clear declaration (e.g. a letter sent via post, fax or email). You can use the enclosed specimen revocation form for this, which however is not mandatory.
In order to safeguard the revocation period, it is sufficient that you send the notification about the exercise of the revocation right before the expiry of the revocation period.
Consequences of the revocation
If you revoke this contract, we shall repay all the payments, which we received from you, including the delivery costs (with the exception of additional costs, which arise from that fact that you selected a form of delivery other than the most reasonable standard delivery offered by us), immediately and at the latest within 14 days from the day on which we received the notification about the revocation of this contract from you. We use the same means of payment, which you had originally used during the original transaction, for this repayment unless expressly agreed otherwise with you; you will not be charged any fees owing to this repayment.
We can refuse the repayment until the products are returned to us or until you have furnished evidence that you have sent the products back to us, depending on whichever is earlier.
You must return or transfer the products to us immediately and, in any case, at the latest within 14 days with effect from the day on which you inform us of the revocation of this contract. The deadline is maintained if you send the products before the expiry of the 14 day deadline.
You bear the direct costs for returning the products.
You must pay for any depreciation of the products only if this depreciation can be attributed to any handling with you that was not necessary for checking the condition, features and functionality of the products.
Criteria for exclusion or expiry
The revocation right is not available for contracts
for delivery of products, which are not prefabricated and for whose manufacturing an individual selection or stipulation by the consumer is important or which are clearly tailored to the personal requirements of the consumer;
for delivery of products, which can spoil quickly or whose use-by date would be exceeded quickly;
for delivery of alcoholic drinks, whose price was agreed at the time of concluding the contract, which however can be delivered 30 days after the conclusion of the contract at the earliest and whose current value depends on the fluctuations in the market, on which the entrepreneur has no influence;
for delivery of newspapers, periodicals or magazines with the exception of subscription contracts.
The revocation right expires prematurely in case of contracts
for delivery of sealed products, which are not suitable for return for reasons of health protection or hygiene if their seal has been removed after the delivery;
for delivery of products if they have been mixed inseparably with other goods after the delivery, owing to their condition;
for delivery of sound or video recording or computer software in a sealed package if the seal has been removed after the delivery.
Specimen - revocation form
(If you wish to revoke the contract, please fill up this form and send it back to us.)
-
To Moluna GmbH, Münsterstr. 105, 48268 Greven, Fax number: 02571/5 69 89 30, Email address: abe@moluna.de :
-
I/we () herewith revoke the contract concluded by me/ us () regarding the purchase of the following products ()/
the provision of the following service () -
Ordered on ()/ received on ()
-
Name of the consumer(s)
-
Address of the consumer(s)
-
Signature of the consumer(s) (only in case of a notification on paper)
-
Date
(*) Cross out the incorrect option.
Standard Business Terms and customer information / data protection declaration
I. Standard business terms
§ 1 Basic provisions
(1) The following terms and conditions of business apply for all contracts concluded with us as the supplier (Moluna GmbH) via the websites AbeBooks and/or ZVAB. Unless otherwise agreed, the inclusion of your own terms and conditions is explicitly rejected.
(2) A ‘consumer’ in the sense of the following regulations is every natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities. The term ‘businessman’ refers to every natural person, legal person or legally responsible partnership that concludes a legal transaction in pursuance of his/its independent professional or commercial activity.
§ 2 Conclusion of the contract
(1) The subject-matter of the contract is the selling of products .
(2) If an article is placed by us with AbeBooks or ZVAB, the activation of the page on AbeBooks or ZVAB shall involve the binding offer to conclude a contract under the terms and conditions contained in the article page.
(3) The contract shall become effective via the online shopping cart system as follows:
The products intended for purchase are moved to the "shopping cart". You can select the "Shopping Cart" using the appropriate buttons on the navigation bar and make changes there at any time.
After calling up the “Checkout” page and entering the required personal data and payment and shipping conditions, all order information is then displayed again on the order summary page.
Before submitting the order, you have the ability once more to review or change any information here (you may also use the "back" button on the Internet browser), or to cancel the purchase.
By clicking the “Buy now” button to submit the order, you declare your legally binding acceptance of the order which makes the contract effective.
(4) The execution of the order and the sending of all the details necessitated by the conclusion of the contract take place via e-mail, in a partially-automated manner. Consequently, you have to ensure that the e-mail address that you have deposited with us is the correct one, and that the receipt of the respective e-mails is guaranteed. In particular, you have to ensure that the respective e-mails are not blocked by a SPAM filter.
§ 3 Right of retention, reservation of proprietary rights
(1) You can only exercise a right of retention if the situation in question involves claims arising from the same contractual relationship.
(2) The goods remain our property until the purchase price is paid in full.
(3) If you are a businessman, the following conditions also apply:
a) We retain ownership of the goods until all the claims arising from the ongoing business relationship have been settled in full. The goods subject to retention of title may not be pledged or transferred by way of security before ownership of the said goods changes hands.
b) You can re-sell the goods within the framework of an orderly transaction. In this regard, you hereby cede all the claims amounting to the magnitude of the billing amount that accrue to you as a result of the re-selling operation to us, and we accept the cession. Furthermore, you are authorised to collect the claim in question. However, insofar as you do not discharge your payment obligations in an orderly fashion, we reserve the right to collect the claim ourselves.
c) In a situation involving the combination and amalgamation of the goods subject to retention of title, we acquire co-ownership of the newly-formed item. This co-ownership corresponds to the ratio that exists between the invoice value of the goods subject to retention of title and the other processed items at the time of processing.
d) If you make a request of this nature, we shall be obligated to release the securities that are due to us, to the extent that the realisable value of our securities exceeds the claim to be secured by more than 10%. We are responsible for selecting the securities to be released.
§ 4 Warranty
(1) The statutory warranty rights are applicable.
(2) As a consumer, you are requested to promptly check the product for completeness, visible defects and transport damage as soon as it is delivered, and promptly disclose your complaints to us and the shipping company in writing. Even if you do not comply with this request, it shall have no effect on your legal warranty claims.
(3) If a characteristic of the goods deviates from the objective requirements, the deviation shall only be deemed to be agreed if you were informed of the same by us before submitting the contractual declaration and the deviation was expressly and separately agreed between the contracting parties.
(4)
Insofar as you are an entrepreneur, the following shall apply in deviation from the above warranty provisions:
a) Only our own specifications and the manufacturer's product description shall be deemed agreed as the quality of the goods, but not other advertising, public promotions and statements by the manufacturer.
b) In the event of defects, we shall, at our discretion, provide warranty by rectification of the defect or subsequent delivery. If the rectification of defects fails, you may, at your option, demand a reduction in price or withdraw from the contract. The rectification of defects shall be deemed to have failed after a second unsuccessful attempt, unless the nature of the goods or the defect or other circumstances indicate otherwise. In the event of rectification of defects, we shall not be obliged to bear the increased costs arising from the transport of the goods to a place other than the place of performance, unless such transport is in accordance with the intended use of the goods.
c) The warranty period shall be one year from delivery of the goods. The shortening of the period shall not apply
- for culpable damage attributable to us arising from injury to life, limb or health and for other damage caused intentionally or by gross negligence;
- insofar as we have fraudulently concealed the defect or have assumed a guarantee for the quality of the item;
- in the case of items which have been used for a building in accordance with their customary use and have caused its defectiveness;
- in the case of statutory rights of recourse that you may assert against us in connection with rights arising from defects.
§ 5 Choice of law, place of fulfilment, jurisdiction
(1) German law shall apply. This choice of law only applies to customers if it does not result in the revocation of the protection guaranteed by the mandatory provisions of the law of the country in which the respective customer’s usual place of residence is located (benefit-of-the-doubt principle).
(2) If you are not a consumer, but a businessman, a legal entity under public law or an institutional fund governed by public law, our place of business is the place of jurisdiction as well as the place of fulfilment for all services that follow from the business relationships that exist with us. The same condition applies to situations in which you are not associated with a general place of jurisdiction in Germany or the EU, as well as situations in which the place of residence or the usual place of residence is not known at the time of commencement of proceedings. This has no bearing on the capacity to call upon the court associated with another place of jurisdiction.
(3) The provisions of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods are explicitly inapplicable.
II. Customer information
- Identity of the seller
Moluna GmbH
Engberdingdamm 27
48268 Greven
Germany
Telephone: 02571/5698933
E-Mail: abe@moluna.de
- Information regarding the conclusion of the contract
The technical steps associated with the conclusion of the contract, the contract conclusion itself and the correction options are executed in accordance to the regulations "conclusion of the contract" in our standard business terms (part I.).
- Contractual language, saving the text of the contract
3.1 Contract language shall be English.
3.2 The complete text of the contract is not saved with us. Before the order is sent, the contract data can be printed out or electronically saved using the browser’s print function. After the order is received by us, the order data, the legally-mandated details related to distance selling contracts and the standard business terms are re-sent to you via e-mail.
- Main features of the product or service
The key features of the goods and/or services can be found in the respective quote.
- Prices and payment arrangements
5.1 The prices mentioned in the respective offers represent total prices, as do the shipping costs. They include all the price components, including all the incidental taxes.
5.2 The dispatch costs that are incurred are not included in the purchase price. They can be viewed by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote, are shown separately over the course of the order transaction and must additionally be borne by you, insofar as free delivery is not confirmed.
5.3 The payment methods that are available to you are shown by clicking the appropriate button on our website or are disclosed in the respective quote.
5.4 Unless otherwise specified for the respective payment methods, the payment claims arising from the contract that has been concluded become payable immediately.
- Delivery conditions
6.1 The delivery conditions, delivery date and existing supply restrictions, if applicable, can be found by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote.
Unless a different period is specified in the item description or our delivery conditions, the goods are delivered within 3-5 days after the conclusion of the contract (in case an advance payment has been agreed upon, after the payment authorisation).
6.2 If you are a consumer, the following is statutorily regulated: The risk of the sold item accidentally being destroyed or degraded during shipping only passes over to you when the item in question is delivered, regardless of whether or not the shipping operation is insured. This condition does not apply if you have independently commissioned a transport company that has not been specified by us or a person who has otherwise been appointed to execute the shipping operation.
If you are a businessman, the delivery and shipping operations take place at your own risk.
- Statutory warranty right
Liability for defects is governed by the “Warranty” provisions in our General Terms and Conditions of Business (Part I).
last update: 01.01.2022
Data protection declaration
Unless stated otherwise below, the provision of your personal data is neither legally nor contractually obligatory, nor required for conclusion of a contract. You are not obliged to provide your data. Not providing it will have no consequences. This only applies as long as the processing procedures below do not state otherwise.
“Personal data” is any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.
Responsible person
Contact us at any time. The contact details of the person responsible for data processing can be found in our legal notice.
Collection, processing, and transfer of personal data in orders
When you submit an order we only collect and use your personal data insofar as this is necessary for the fulfilment and handling of your order as well as processing of your queries. The provision of data is necessary for conclusion of a contract. Failure to provide it will prevent the conclusion of any contract. The processing will occur on the basis of Article 6(1) b) GDPR and is required for the fulfilment of a contract with you.
Your data is transferred here for example to the shipping companies and dropshipping providers, payment service providers, service providers for handling the order and IT service providers that you have selected. We will comply strictly with legal requirements in every case. The scope of data transmission is restricted to a minimum.
Duration of storage
After contractual processing has been completed, the data is initially stored for the duration of the warranty period, then in accordance with the retention periods prescribed by law, especially tax and commercial law, and then deleted after the period has elapsed, unless you have agreed to further processing and use.
Rights of the affected person
If the legal requirements are fulfilled, you have the following rights according to art. 15 to 20 GDPR: Right to information, correction, deletion, restriction of processing, data portability. You also have a right of objection against processing based on art. 6 (1) GDPR, and to processing for the purposes of direct marketing, according to art. 21 (1) GDPR.
Right to complain to the regulatory authority
You have the right to complain to the regulatory authority according to art. 77 GDPR if you believe that your data is not being processed legally.
Right to object
If the data processing outlined here is based on our legitimate interests in accordance with Article 6(1)f) GDPR, you have the right for reasons arising from your particular situation to object at any time to the processing of your data with future effect.
If the objection is successful, we will no longer process the personal data, unless we can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing that outweigh your interests or rights and freedoms, or the processing is intended for the assertion, exercise or defence of legal claims.
last update: 10.01.2022