Master the art of levelling for roads, railways, and earth-work with a trusted classic.
This comprehensive guide explains how to measure, reduce, and apply lines of level to real-world civil engineering projects, from field techniques to the finished cross-sections.
Originally developed for surveyors and engineers, the book covers the principles of levelling, practical field methods, and the calculations needed to translate a ground profile into useable plans. It combines theoretical foundations with hands-on procedures, including how to plan sections, record field data, and apply reduction tables for accurate horizontal measures. The edition also presents road-building guidance and the tools of the trade, such as the use of the theodolite and clinometer, in clear, applied terms.
- Foundational concepts of levelling and how gravity, curvature, and refraction affect measurements
- Step-by-step field procedures for preparing, observing, and recording levels and sections
- How to reduce a hypothenusal line to a horizontal measure for accurate earth-work calculations
- Practical road and earth-work guidance, with example reductions and plotting methods
Ideal for students and professionals in surveying, civil engineering, and road construction who want a solid, historically trusted reference.