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The quantity and quality of surface and groundwater resources in river basins are affected by both natural and human pressures. As a result, ecosystem services connected to human benefits, such as the provision of adequate drinking and irrigation water of good quality or the regulation of floods, may be disturbed. Water and river basin authorities are relying more and more on valuable tools, such as conceptual and physically based hydrological models, coupled or not with estimates from other methodologies, in order to identify effective management strategies that can preserve human benefits by minimizing possible impacts on the aquatic environment and society. The present Reprint includes 10 high-quality research articles that showcase the state of the art in the adaptation and use of hydrological models on the catchment or river basin scale in different regions and for various purposes within the wider context of water resources and river basin management.