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In the early twenty-first century, the international relations literature still posits realism as a dominant paradigm in the Western School. This volume introduces alternative frames of reference that address the deficiencies of liberalism with its lack of sufficient attention to ethnic diversity. By drawing on constructivism with its focus on framing, particularly the influence in instrumentalist terms of narratives shaped by the media, this volume explores that influence by analysing case studies in historical context. In 2020, the world’s present, yet unequal, experiences of the triptych, personal data, global pandemic and social protests, lead us to introduce personal data (Image I), the mesh region (Image II) and the distributed ecosystem (Image III) to capture the dynamic, transformative nature of the changing relationship between structure and agency.

Professor Colette Mazzucelli, Graduate Faculty, NYU New York, is founder and principal, LEAD IMPACT Reconciliation Institute and served as first president (Academia), 2020–2022, Global Listening Centre.

James Felton Keith is CEO at Inclusion Score Inc., chairperson of Keith Institute and lecturer at The University of Georgia’s Terry College of Business.

Dr. C. Ann Hollifield, Professor Emeritus, University of Georgia, is a scholar as well as a research and media management consultant. Her work focuses on international media economics, management, and audience data analytics.