It is widely accepted in science that the universe is a closed deterministic system in which everything can, ultimately, be explained by purely physical causation. And yet we all experience ourselves as having the freedom to choose between alternatives presented to us -- 'we' are in the driving seat.
Benjamin Libet trained in neurophysiology with Ralph Gerard, K.A.C. Elliott and Sir John Eccles. In 1958 he began a series of experimental studies (in human subjects) relating brain activities to the appearance or production of a conscious experience. This was made possible by a collaboration with the neurosurgeon, Bertram Feinstein. The results and their implications represented experimental discoveries of some unique time factors in the neural production of awareness.
Anthony Freeman is managing editor of the Journal of Consciousness Studies and a priest in the Church of England. He holds degrees in chemistry and theology from the University of Oxford. His books include God in Us: A Case for Christian Humanism (SCM: 1993) and Gospel Treasure (SPCK: 1999).