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This is a JASON study. Quarto. Various paginations (approximately 120 pages). Part I ONLY stated as ITAR Restricted. [ Part II was issued separately as an ITAR Secret document]. Wraps. Figures. Charts Tables. Appendices. This was an export controlled document when issued and this is understood to no longer apply given the available information on hypersonic aircraft research and development. Among the contributors were Freeman Dyson and Richard Garwin. This study focused on S&T issues with air-breathing propulsion identified as a primary focus. Representatives from Government, Industry, and Academia briefed the JASON team on the Hypersonic parts of the National Aerospace Initiative, hypersonic Science and Technology issues, and hypersonic programs. Hypersonic flight is flight through the atmosphere below about 90 km at speeds above Mach 5, a speed where dissociation of air begins to become significant and high heat loads exist. The first manufactured object to achieve hypersonic flight was the two-stage Bumper rocket. In February 1949, at White Sands, the rocket reached a speed of 5,150 mph, or approximately Mach 6.7. In April 1961, Russian Major Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel at hypersonic speed, during the world's first piloted orbital flight. Soon after, in May 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American and second person to achieve hypersonic flight when his capsule reentered the atmosphere at a speed above Mach 5 at the end of his suborbital flight over the Atlantic Ocean. In November 1961, Air Force Major Robert White flew the X-15 research airplane at speeds over Mach 6. On 2 October 1967, in California, X-15 reached Mach 6.7, but by the time the vehicle approached Edwards Air Force Base, intense heating associated with shock waves around the vehicle had partially melted the pylon that attached the ramjet engine to the fuselage. The reentry problem of a space vehicle was extensively studied. The NASA X-43A flew on scramjet for 10 seconds, and then glided for 10 minutes on its last flight in 2004. The Boeing X-51 Waverider flew on scramjet for 210 seconds in 2013, finally reaching Mach 5.1 on its fourth flight test. The hypersonic regime has since become the subject for further study during the 21st century, and strategic competition between China, Russia, and the U.S. Two main types of hypersonic weapons are hypersonic cruise missiles and hypersonic glide vehicles. Hypersonic weapons, by definition, travel five or more times the speed of sound. Hypersonic cruise missiles, which are powered by scramjet, are restricted below 100,000 feet; hypersonic glide vehicles can travel higher. Compared to a ballistic (parabolic) trajectory, a hypersonic vehicle would be capable of large-angle deviations from a parabolic trajectory. According to CNBC, Russia and China lead in hypersonic weapon development, trailed by the United States. France, India, and Australia may also be pursuing the technology. Japan is acquiring both scramjet (Hypersonic Cruise Missile), and boost-glide weapons (Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile). Waverider hypersonic weapons delivery is an avenue of development. China's XingKong-2, a waverider, had its first flight 3 August 2018. JASON is an independent group of elite scientists which advises the United States government on matters of science and technology, mostly of a sensitive nature. The group was first created as a way to get a younger generation of scientistsâ "that is, not the older Los Alamos and MIT Radiation Laboratory alumniâ "involved in advising the government. It was established in 1960 and has somewhere between 30 and 60 members. Its work first gained public notoriety as the source of the Vietnam War's McNamara Line electronic barrier. Although most of its research is military-focused, JASON also produced early work on the science of global warming and acid rain. Current unclassified research interests include health informatics, cyberwarfare, and renewable energy. For administr.
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