The development of American medical education involved a conceptual revolution in how medical students should be taught. With the introduction of laboratory and hospital work, students were expected to be active participants in their learning process, and the new goal of medical training was to foster critical thinking rather than the memorization of facts. In Learning to Heal, Kenneth Ludmerer offers the definitive account of the rise of the modern medical school and the shaping of the medical profession.

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By the late 1800s, a typical American physician had received his formal train ing at one of the nation's two dozen proprietary medical schools. Admis sion standards were lax, the curriculum covered two four-month terms, no writ ten examinations were required, and little clinical experience was offered. Ludmerer provides an engrossing nar rative history of the rise of the modern medical college and teaching hospital from these rather shaky beginnings. He has compressed a considerable amount of historical data into readable prose, often providing fresh perspective on the major social, scientific, and peda gogical forces that have shaped the course of medical education since the 19th century. Especially interesting is an extensive section on early reform movements and their influence. Rec ommended. Richard H. Quay, Miami Univ. Libs., Oxford, Ohio
Copyright 1985 Reed Business Information, Inc.

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