Anne Frank : A Biography - Softcover

Melissa Muller

Softcover

ISBN 10: 0747545235 ISBN 13: 9780747545231

Publisher: Bloomsbury Paperbacks, 1999

Synopsis

For people all over the world, Anne Frank has become the human face of the holocaust. Drawing on interviews with family and friends, Melissa Muller creates a subtle portrait of Frank, tracing her life from idyllic childhood in Frankfurt to her passionate adolescence in occupied Amsterdam."

About this title

About the Author:

Melissa Müller is the author of numerous books on the history of the Third Reich. Her biography of Anne Frank has been translated into eighteen languages to date. Müller lives in Munich with her family.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.:

1
 
THE ARREST
 
 
Hush. Be quiet. Whisper. Walk softly … take off your shoes. Who’s still in the bathroom? The water’s running. For God’s sake, don’t flush the toilet! After two years you should know better than to be so careless. Empty the chamber pots. Shove the beds back out of the way. The church bells are already ringing the half hour. When the workers arrive at 8:30, there has to be dead silence.
The usual morning ritual in the secret annex. At 6:45 the alarm clock goes off in Hermann and Auguste van Pels’s room, so loud and shrill that it wakes the Franks and Fritz Pfeffer, who sleep one floor below. A well-aimed blow from Mrs. van Pels silences the alarm. The floor creaks, softly at first, then louder. Mr. van Pels gets up, creeps down the steep stairs, and, the first in the bathroom, hurries to finish.
Anne waits in bed until she hears the bathroom door creak again. Her roommate, Fritz Pfeffer, is next. Anne sighs, relieved, enjoying these few precious moments of solitude. With eyes closed, she listens to the birdsong in the backyard and stretches in her bed. Bed is hardly the word for the narrow sofa she has lengthened by putting a chair at one end. But Anne thinks it’s luxurious. Miep Gies, who brings the Franks their groceries, has told her that others in hiding are sleeping on the floor in tiny windowless sheds or in damp cellars. Dutifully, Anne gets up and opens the blackout curtains. Discipline rules their lives here. She glances at the world outside. The foggy Friday morning promises to turn into a gloriously warm summer day. If she could just, only for a few minutes … But she must be patient. It won’t be much longer now. The attempt to assassinate Hitler two weeks ago has revived everyone’s hopes … Perhaps she can go back to school in the fall. Her father and Mr. van Pels are sure that everything will be over in October, that they will be free … It is already August. August 4, 1944.
An hour and forty-five minutes is all they have to prepare for another day. An hour and forty-five minutes passes quickly when eight people have to wash up, store their bedding, push the beds aside, and put tables and chairs back where they belong. After work begins at 8:30 in the warehouse below, they can’t make a sound. It would be easy to give themselves away. The warehouse foreman, Willem van Maaren, is suspicious enough as it is.
Before a light breakfast at nine, they occupy themselves as quietly as possible, reading or studying, sewing or knitting. And they wait. They must be especially careful during this next half hour. Anyone who absolutely has to get up tiptoes across the room like a thief, in stocking feet or soft slippers, and they have to whisper. If someone laughs or pricks a finger and says “ouch!” everyone glares. But once the office staff has arrived and the rattling typewriters, the ringing telephone, and the voices of Miep Gies, Bep Voskuijl, and Johannes Kleiman—all friends and helpers of the residents in the secret annex—form a backdrop of sound, the danger is diminished somewhat. Eventually Miep will come to pick up the “shopping list.” In fact, Miep will have to settle for whatever she can get them, and every day she gets a little less. But she knows how eagerly the inhabitants of the secret annex await her. Anne barrages Miep with questions, as she does every morning. And Miep, as she does every morning, puts Anne off until later. Only after Miep has sworn to return for a longer visit in the afternoon will Anne let her go back to her office. Otto Frank retires with Peter van Pels to Peter’s tiny room on the top floor. A dictation in English is the lesson plan for today. Peter is having trouble with this irritating language, so Otto spends his mornings helping him. It’s a way to pass time. On the floor below, Anne and her sister, Margot, lose themselves in their books. Patience. Patience is a virtue the mercurial Anne has had to learn these last two years.
In the warehouse, on the ground floor, the spice mill is running with its familiar monotonous clatter. Van Maaren has the door onto Prinsengracht wide open to let in the light and warmth of this soft summer day.
Ten-thirty. The foreman and his two assistants have a lot of work to do before the noon break. Suddenly several men appear in the shop—the German security service, the Sicherheitsdienst, or SD. No one in the shop noticed their arrival. The men—one of them in the uniform of the “Green Police,” the others in civilian clothes—are armed. They claim to be executing a search warrant. A few words are exchanged, then van Maaren—totally astonished—points toward the stairs with his thumb. His coworker, Lammert Hartog, stands nervously to one side. The visitors hurry up the stairs to the offices on the second floor. One stays behind for a while to keep an eye on the staff.
Without knocking, one of the men, tall and thin, enters the office shared by Miep, Bep, and Mr. Kleiman. Miep doesn’t even look up at first; people often walk into the office unannounced. Only when she hears his harsh command, “Sit still and not a word out of you!” does she raise her head and find herself staring into the barrel of a pistol. “Don’t move from your seat,” the man orders, then disappears.
Gruff voices can be heard through the double folding doors. The officer and his Dutch henchmen, all of them agents of the Amsterdam city police and experienced bounty hunters, all of them members of the Nationalsozialistische Bewegung der Niederlande (NSB)—the National Socialist Movement of the Netherlands—all of them family men of advanced age, have surprised Victor Kugler at his desk in the next room; they keep their pistols trained on him.
“Who owns this building?” the uniformed man bellows at him in German. Kugler, who grew up in Hohenelbe, a small city at the foot of the Sudeten Mountains and back then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, thinks he detects a Viennese accent, and he responds in German.
“We just rent this building.”
Stiffly erect in his chair, he quickly gives the address of the Dutchman who has owned the building at 263 Prinsengracht since April 1943.
“Stop playing games with me,” the man snarls. His name is Karl Josef Silberbauer. “Who’s the boss here? That’s what I want to know.”
“I am,” Kugler says.
“Come with me.”
Kugler, a reserved and formal man who strikes many people as utterly unapproachable, has no choice. He has to take the SD men upstairs to the storerooms on the next floor. They ask if there are weapons hidden there. Kugler has to open every box, every barrel, every sack. As he does this, he tries to collect his thoughts. Have they come after him? Do they perhaps know that he is in touch with the resistance? That he has a fake identity card…? Or do they know about the people in the secret annex? What if some loose talk has reached the wrong ear? Everything has gone smoothly for two years and a month. Impossible that now, of all times, when the Allies have finally made a breakthrough in northern France and are on the advance, that now, with liberation only weeks away, now, when the tide has finally turned …
“You have Jews hidden in this building,” Kugler hears one of the Dutchmen say. His hopes fade. These men know. Denial will only make matters worse.
“Where are they?” the others chime in. One of them, Gezinus Gringhuis, is short and obese; another, Willem Grootendorst, has a long, yellowish face. After the war, Kleiman, Kugler, and Otto Frank would identify the third man as Maarten Kuiper, a tall, thin man who has been described as having “a sharp nose in his small face” and “the penetrating gaze of a madman.” (They may have been mistaken, however, misled by photos of Kuiper that circulated widely in the press when Kuiper was tried and proved guilty of assassinating resistance fighters during the war. Also, Kuiper could well have been involved in an assassination that took place on the same day as the arrest.)
“Where are they?” The words have the grim sound of a verdict with no possibility of appeal. Silberbauer orders Kugler to lead the way.
Kugler obeys. What else can he do? The men follow him, their pistols drawn. Kugler’s brilliant blue eyes seem—more than ever—like an impenetrable wall. But his perfect self-control conceals a feeling of paralyzing helplessness. His mind won’t work; his familiar surroundings blur and fade before his eyes. It feels like the final moments before a thunderstorm, muggy, oppressive, threatening. Doubts torment him. Are these men just bluffing the way they are apparently accustomed to during this kind of raid? Is he letting them pull the wool over his eyes? Or have they really gotten a tip-off? Has someone betrayed his charges? A neighbor? An employee? And why today of all days?
Seemingly indifferent, he walks down the corridor that connects the front of the building with the rooms in the rear. One by one he climbs the narrow steps that turn to the right like a circular staircase. The strangers are at his heels. Silberbauer still hasn’t gotten used to Amsterdam’s terrifyingly steep stairs. Fourteen, fifteen, sixteen. Now they are standing in a hallway whose beige-and-red flowered wallpaper makes it look even narrower than it is. Behind them is the doorway to the spice warehouse, ahead of them a high bookcase: three shelves crammed with worn gray file folders. Above the bookcase hangs a large map of the kind seen in government offices or in schools: Belgium, in 1:500,000 scale.
“Open up.” Of course—they know. A yank on the bookcase and it swings away from the wall like a heavy gate. Behind it, a high step leads to a white door about a foot and a half above the floor; the top of the door is hidden behind the map on the wall. The lintel of the door frame is padded with a cloth stuffed with excelsior: it’s easy to bang one’s head.
Have the Franks heard the loud footsteps and the unfamiliar voices? When Victor Kugler hesitates, the SD men urge him on. Right in front of them, another stairway, barely wide enough for one person, leads to the upper floor of the secret annex. Kugler goes up the left side of this narrow stairway and opens a door.
The first person he sees is Anne’s mother, Edith Frank, sitting at her table. “Gestapo,” he says under his breath. His dry lips can’t form another word. He is afraid she will panic, but she stays seated, frozen. She looks at Kugler and the intruders impassively, as if from a great distance. “Hands up,” one of the Dutchmen barks at her, his pistol in his hand. Mechanically, she raises her arms. Another policeman brings Anne and Margot in from the next room. They are ordered to stand next to their mother with their hands over their heads.
Two of the Dutch policemen have run up the stairs to the next floor. While one of them covers Mr. and Mrs. van Pels with his pistol, the other storms the small room next door. He frisks Otto Frank and Peter van Pels for weapons, as if they were dangerous criminals. Then he herds them into the next room, where Peter’s parents wait in silence, staring into space, their hands over their heads. “Downstairs with you, and make it quick.” The last to appear, with a pistol at his back, is Fritz Pfeffer.
The SD men seem pleased. Eight Jews at one blow. A surprisingly good morning’s work. “Where is your money? Where are your valuables?” Silberbauer asks, threateningly. “Come on, come on, we don’t have all day.” The eight captives appear incredibly calm. Only Margot has tears running down her face, but she is silent.
Otto Frank feels that if they cooperate with their captors everything will turn out all right. The Germans are frightened themselves. They know about the Allied offensive, too. They know the end is only weeks away. Otto points to the closet where he keeps his family’s valuables. Silberbauer orders his henchmen to search the other rooms and the attic for jewelry and money. He pulls the Franks’ bulky strongbox out of the closet. His eyes search the room. He finds what he’s looking for: Otto’s leather briefcase—Anne’s briefcase, actually, because Otto has given it to his daughter as a safe place to keep her personal papers. Silberbauer opens the briefcase, turns it upside down, and dumps Anne’s diary, notebooks, and loose papers out onto the floor. “Not my diary; if my diary goes I go with it!” Anne had written four months earlier. Now she watches impassively. Hermann van Pels tries to bribe the policemen into letting their captives go, but the policemen just laugh at him.
Silberbauer, irritated by how calm his captives seem, empties the contents of the strongbox into the briefcase and bellows, “Hop to it. You’ve got five minutes to get ready.” As if in a trance, all eight get their emergency packs from the next room or from upstairs, rucksacks that have hung packed and readily accessible in case a fire broke out and they had to abandon the building. They ignore the chaos the Dutch Nazis have created in their search.
Oberscharführer Silberbauer, with the SS since 1939, can’t stand still. In his heavy boots, he paces back and forth in the small room. People have told him that his marching is intimidating; it also helps him pass the time until everyone is ready to leave. He is thirty-three years old; his pale blond hair is cropped short, in military fashion, over his large, fleshy ears. His lips are pale and thin, his eyes narrowed to slits. An ordinary, rather nondescript fellow: obedient, deferential to authority. It is obvious that his uniform gives him his place in life. He has the upper hand here, he thinks, and beyond that he does not think. He obeys orders. Clearing out this annex is all in a day’s work. Until the late fall of 1943, he worked in the criminal division of the Gestapo in his home city of Vienna. Then, although the deportation of Amsterdam Jews had been declared “successfully accomplished” by September, the SS transferred him to the Amsterdam unit of the Gestapo’s Department IV B4, the so-called Jewish Division of the Reich Security Headquarters in Berlin, whose job, under Adolf Eichmann’s command, is the efficient “solution of the Jewish question.” Silberbauer’s wife, Barbara, whom he married only recently, has remained at home in Vienna.
Suddenly Silberbauer stops his pacing and stares at a large gray trunk on the floor between Edith Frank’s bed and the window.
“Whose trunk is that?” Silberbauer asks.
“Mine,” Otto answers. “Lieutenant of the Reserves Otto Frank” is clearly stenciled on the lid of the steel-reinforced trunk. “I was a reserve officer in the First World War.”
“But…” Karl Silberbauer is obviously uncomfortable. This trunk has no business being here. It upsets his routine. “But why didn’t you register as a veteran?” Otto Frank, a Jew, is Silberbauer’s superior in military rank.
“You would have been sent to Theresienstadt,” Silberbauer says. After the war, Otto Frank would quote this comment of Silberbauer’s. People like Silberbauer were apparently willing to believe the Nazi propaganda about humane living conditions in this “Jewish settlement.”
Silberbauer’s eyes dart nervously around the room, avoiding Otto Frank’s.
“How long have you been hiding here?”
“Two years,” Otto Frank says, “and one month.” When Silberbauer, incredulous, shakes his head, Otto Frank points to the wall on his right. Next to the door to Anne’s room, faint pencil marks on the wallpaper record how much Anne and Margot have grown since July 6, 1942. Silberbauer’s eyes come to rest on a small map of Normandy tacked to the wall beside the pencil marks. On this map, Otto has kept track of the Allied advance. He has used pins with red, orange, and blue heads, from Edith’s sewing basket, to mark Allied victories.
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About this edition

• Publisher: Bloomsbury Paperbacks
• Publication date: 1999
• ISBN 10: 0747545235
• ISBN 13: 9780747545231
• Binding: Paperback