Hierarchical Power Systems Control: Its Value in a Changing Industry - Softcover
Book 80 of 167: Advances in Industrial Control
Synopsis
1 Introduction: Basic Assumptions and Concepts.- 1.1 Importance of the envisioned control structures in a changing industry.- 1.2 System regulation issues affected by the vertical separation of the transmission grid from generation.- 1.3 Organization of this text.- 2 The Nested Hierarchy as a System Structure in a Changing Industry.- 2.1 Principles of existing horizontally structured electric power systems.- 2.2 Industry changes leading to the nested hierarchy structure.- 2.3 Examples of new industry arrangements as particular cases of the nested hierarchy structure.- 2.4 The need for new control structures.- 2.5 Can generation-based regulation be made price-competitive?.- 2.6 Relevance of dynamic problem formulation over mid- and long-term horizons.- 3 Performance Criteria Relevant to Operating Interconnected Electric Power Systems.- 3.1 Dynamics of system inputs to which the control responds.- 3.2 Time frames for present performance objectives.- 3.3 Modeling for systems control services in a changing industry.- 3.4 Performance criteria at the subsystem level.- 3.4.1 Static optimization objectives.- 3.4.2 Dynamic optimization objectives.- 3.5 Static optimization in an open access system.- 3.5.1 Some assumptions under which present optimal scheduling algorithms are designed at the system level.- 3.5.2 Generation cost minimization: Ideal technical efficiency.- 3.5.3 Basic operating cost of keeping the system together.- 3.5.4 Achievable technical efficiency in the regulated industry.- 3.5.5 Assumptions that do not hold in a deregulated industry.- 3.5.6 Need for relaxing the demand-related assumptions (2 and 4).- 3.5.7 Need to reconsider the performance objectives (assumptions 1-3).- 3.5.8 Hierarchical structures in a distributed industry.- 3.5.9 Achievable efficiency under open access-ISO market level.- 3.5.10 Achievable efficiency of competitive supply and demand.- 3.5.11 Achievable economic efficiency of generation-based systems control.- 3.5.12 Need for coordinated generation-based systems control in support of competitive markets.- 3.5.13 Optimal structure for operating and pricing electric power systems under open access.- 3.6 Static optimization of a horizontally structured system.- 3.7 Present criteria for mid- and long-term dynamic performance.- 3.7.1 Criteria for load frequency control (LFC)/ automatic generation control (AGC).- 3.7.2 Dynamic performance objectives over long-term horizons in a horizontally structured industry.- 3.7.3 Functional requirements for advanced LFC/AGC in a changing industry.- 3.7.4 Conceptual problems with meeting mid-term dynamic performance objectives by means of present AGC in a changing industry.- 3.7.5 Conceptual problems with meeting long-term performance objectives in a changing industry.- 3.8 Static performance criteria for reactive power/voltage support.- 3.8.1 Criteria for mid- and long-term voltage control (AVC) at a subsystem level.- 3.9 Summary.- 4 Structural Modeling and Control Design Using Interaction Variables.- 4.1 Structural modeling.- 4.1.1 Modeling issues.- 4.1.2 Modeling process.- 4.1.3 Local dynamics.- 4.1.4 Network constraints.- 4.1.5 Structural dynamic model.- 4.1.6 Control-induced time scale separation.- 4.2 Hierarchical control design.- 4.2.1 Controllability.- 4.2.2 Conventional secondary-level control.- 4.2.3 Improved secondary-level control.- 4.2.4 Quasi-static interaction variables.- 4.3 Tertiary level coordination.- 4.4 New tertiary-level aggregate model.- 4.5 Comparison of the proposed control structures to those used at present.- 4.6 Summary.- 5 Generation-Based Regulation of Real Power/Frequency.- 5.1 State of the art and potential problems of frequency regulation.- 5.2 New modeling.- 5.2.1 Local dynamics.- 5.2.2 Network coupling.- 5.2.3 Regional dynamics.- 5.3 Analysis.- 5.3.1 Network properties.- 5.3.2 Structural singularity.- 5.3.3 Inter-area dynamics.- 5.3.4 Computation of inter-area variables.- 5.3.5 Interpretation of inter-area variables.- 5.3.6 Comparis
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