This book describes the 5G mobile network from a systems perspective, focusing on the fundamental design principles that are easily obscured by an overwhelming number of acronyms and standards definitions that dominate this space. The book is written for system generalists with the goal of helping bring up to speed a community that understands a broad range of systems issues (but knows little or nothing about the cellular network) so it can play a role in the network's evolution. This is a community that understands both feature velocity and best practices in building robust scalable systems, and so it has an important role to play in bringing to fruition all of 5G's potential.
In addition to giving a step-by-step tour of the design rationale behind 5G, the book aggressively disaggregates the 5G mobile network. Building a disaggregated, virtualized, and software-defined 5G access network is the direction the industry is already headed (for good technical and business reasons), but breaking the 5G network down into its elemental components is also the best way to explain how 5G works. It also helps to illustrate how 5G might evolve in the future to provide even more value.
An open source implementation of 5G serves as the technical underpinning for the book. The authors, in collaboration with industrial and academic partners, are working towards a cloud-based implementation that takes advantage of both Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and cloud-native (microservice-based) architectures, culminating in a managed 5G-enabled EdgeCloud-as-a-Service built on the components and mechanisms described throughout the book.
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The concept is that plant growth is often restricted by adverse physical and chemical properties of subsoils yet these limitations are not revealed by testing surface soils and hence their significance in crop management is often overlooked.
The major constraints can be physical or chemical. The physical limitations comprise: poor/nil subsoil structure or dense pans so roots can not penetrate subsoil; very sandy subsoils that do not provide adequate water or very gravelly subsoils and; high water table, etc.
Chemical constraints include acidity/alkalinity, high extractable Al or Mn, low nutrient availability, salts, boron toxicity and pyritic subsoils.
Some of these constraints are inherent properties of the soil profile while others are induced by crop and soil management practices.
For all these constraints the emphasis within chapters is on defining the constraint, and discussing amelioration practices and benefits.
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