Synopsis
1 Basic Aspects of Internal Fixation.- 1.1 Aims and Principles.- 1.1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.2 Life is Movement, Movement is Life.- 1.2 Basic Aspects.- 1.2.1 Bone as a Material.- 1.2.2 The Bone Fracture.- 1.2.3 Spontaneous Bone Repair: Healing Without Treatment.- 1.2.4 Basic Aims of Fracture Treatment.- 1.2.5 Aims of Operative Fracture Treatment.- 1.3 Scientific Background to Internal Fixation.- 1.3.1 Technical Background.- 1.3.1.1 Stability.- 1.3.1.2 Force, Stress, Strain, Stiffness.- 1.3.1.3 General Aspects of Load.- 1.3.1.4 Physiological Load.- 1.3.1.5 Principles of Surgical Stabilization.- 1.3.1.6 Mechanics of Interfaces.- 1.3.2 Biological Reactions.- 1.3.2.1 Stability and Compression.- 1.3.2.2 Biomechanics of Instability.- 1.3.2.3 Biomechanics of Stability.- 1.3.2.4 Reaction to Changes of Physiological Loading.- 1.3.2.5 Disturbance of Blood Supply to Bone.- 1.3.2.6 Reaction to Disturbance of the Blood Supply.- 1.3.3 Bone Healing.- 1.3.3.1 Basic Requirements.- 1.3.3.2 Type of Healing.- 1.3.3.3 Spontaneous (Indirect) Healing of Bone.- 1.3.3.4 Direct (or Primary) Bone Healing.- 1.3.3.5 Non-union.- 1.3.3.6 Relevance of Different Types of Healing.- 1.3.3.7 Controlling Mechanisms of Bone Healing.- 1.3.4 Scientific Background of Development.- 1.3.4.1 The Concept of Biological Plating: The LC-DCP.- 1.3.4.2 Improved Effectiveness of External Fixator Pins.- 1.3.4.3 The Development of "Tube-to-Tube" Clamps as an Example of the Development Within the AO Group's Technical Commissions.- 1.3.4.4 The New Design of the Nails.- 1.3.4.5 Unreamed Intramedullary Nailing.- 1.3.4.6 Instrumented Nail for Telemetry.- 1.3.4.7 Distraction Osteogenesis.- 1.3.5 Implant Materials.- 1.3.5.1 Metals.- 1.3.5.2 Other Implant Materials.- 1.4 AO Teaching.- 1.4.1 AO Courses.- 1.4.2 AO Workshops.- 1.4.3 AO Fellowships.- 1.4.4 AO Research Grants.- 1.4.5 AO Video Tapes.- 1.4.6 AO Artificial Bones and Limbs.- 1.5 Documentation.- 1.6 Development.- 1.6.1 Principles and Guidelines.- 1.6.2 Techniques.- 1.6.3 Instrumentation and Implants.- 1.6.4 The Technical Commissions of the AO.- 1.7 Glossary.- References.- Appendix A pp. 118-150 deleted. See leaflet in the back cover. The Comprehensive Classification of Fractures of Long Bones.- The Principle of the Classification.- The Anatomic Location.- The Fracture Types.- The Coding of the Diagnosis.- 11-Humerus Proximal.- 12-Humerus Diaphysis.- 13-Humerus Distal.- 21- Radius/Ulna Proximal.- 22-Radius/Ulna Diaphysis.- 23-Radius/Ulna Distal.- 31-Femur Proximal.- 32-Femur Diaphysis.- 33-Femur Distal.- 41- Tibia/Fibula Proximal.- 42- Tibia/Fibula Diaphysis.- 43- Tibia/Fibula Distal.- 44- Tibia/Fibula, Malleolar Segment.- Glossary to Appendix A.- Appendix B Classification of Soft Tissue Injuries.- Skin Lesions IC (Closed Fractures).- Skin Lesions IO (Open Fractures).- Muscle/Tendon Injury (MT).- Neurovascular Injury (NV).- Diagnosis of the Injury on Digitized X-Rays.- 2 Preoperative Planning and Principles of Reduction.- 2.1 Preoperative Planning.- 2.1.1 Equipment Needed.- 2.1.2 Technique of Overlay Tracings.- 2.1.2.1 Planning from the Normal Side.- 2.1.2.2 Direct Overlay Technique.- 2.1.2.3 Use of Templates.- 2.1.2.4 Planning from the Physiological Axes.- 2.1.3 Additional Preoperative Planning.- 2.1.4 Conclusion.- 2.2 Principles of Reduction.- 2.2.1 What Reduction Must Achieve.- 2.2.2 Types of Operative Reduction.- 2.2.2.1 Manual Reduction.- 2.2.2.2 Mechanical Reduction.- 2.2.3 Conclusion.- Reference.- 3 Screws and Plates and Their Application.- 3.1 Screws.- 3.1.1 Function of Screws.- 3.1.2 Types of Screws.- 3.1.2.1 Self-Tapping and Non-Self-Tapping Screws.- 3.1.3 Cortex and Cancellous Bone Screws.- 3.1.3.1 Cortex Screws.- 3.1.3.2 Cancellous Bone Screws.- 3.1.3.3 Malleolar Screws.- 3.1.4 Techniques of Screw Fixation.- 3.1.4.1 The Lag Screw.- 3.1.4.2 Technique of Lag Screw Fixation.- 3.1.5 Indication for Lag Screw Fixation.- 3.2 Plates.- 3.2.1 Function.- 3.2.2 Protection or Neutralization Plates.- 3.2.3 Special Protection or Neutra
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