Modern Aspects of Emulsion Science
Language: English
Published by ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY, 1998
- Hardcover
- New
Seller: moluna, Greven, Germanymoluna
AbeBooks seller since July 9, 2020
Condition: New
US$ 143.89
Quantity: Over 20 available
Add to basketItem description from seller
This book presents a comprehensive description of the scientific principles and the very latest advances in research in this important area of surface and colloid science.InhaltsverzeichnisEmulsions - Recent Advances in Understanding.
Seller Inventory # 595098162
- Title
- Modern Aspects of Emulsion Science
- Publisher
- ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY
- Publication year
- 1998
- Condition
- New
- Binding
- Hardcover
- Language
- English
- ISBN 10
- 0854044396
- ISBN 13
- 9780854044399
Emulsions occur either as end products or during the processing of products in a huge range of areas including the food, agrochemical, pharmaceutical, paint and oil industries. Despite over one hundred years of research in the subject, however, a quantitative understanding of emulsions has been lacking. Modern Aspects of Emulsion Science presents a comprehensive description of both the scientific principles in the field and the very latest advances in research in this important area of surface and colloid science. Topics covered include emulsion formation, type, stability (creaming, flocculation, ripening, coalescence), monodisperse and gel emulsions, and applications. Emphasis has been placed on relating the chemistry of the surfactant or protein adsorbed at the oil-water interface to the principles of the physics involved in the bulk emulsion property. The book has been written by a collection of the world's leading experts in the field, and covers both experimental and theoretical approaches. Modern Aspects of Emulsion Science fills a real gap in the market, being the only book of its kind in print. As such it will prove essential reading for graduates and researchers in this subject, in both academia and industry.
"Synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Modern Aspects of Emulsion Science
By Bernard P. BinksThe Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
Contents
Chapter 1 Emulsions – Recent Advances in Understanding Bernard P. Binks, 1,
Chapter 2 Emulsion Formation Pieter Walstra and Pauline E.A. Smulders, 56,
Chapter 3 Emulsion Formation by Nucléation and Growth Mechanisms Brian Vincent, Zoltán Kiraly and Tim M. Obey, 100,
Chapter 4 Emulsion Flocculation and Creaming Margaret M. Robins and David J. Hibberd, 115,
Chapter 5 Rheology of Emulsions – The Relationship to Structure and Stability Eric Dickinson, 145,
Chapter 6 Phase Inversion and Drop Formation in Agitated Liquid-Liquid Dispersions in the Presence of Nonionic Surfactants Brian W. Brooks, Howard N. Richmond and Mohamed Zerfa, 175,
Chapter 7 Coalescence in Emulsions Alexey S. Kabalnov, 205,
Chapter 8 Lifetime and Destruction of Concentrated Emulsions Undergoing Coalescence Bénédicte Deminière, Annie Colin, Fernando Leal Calderon and Jérôme Bibette, 261,
Chapter 9 Molecular Diffusion in Emulsions and Emulsion Mixtures Jeffry G. Weers, 292,
Chapter 10 Interactions and Macroscopic Properties of Emulsions and Microemulsions Dimiter N. Petsev, 328,
Chapter 11 Gel Emulsions – Relationship between Phase Behaviour and Formation Conxita Solans, Ramon Pons and Hironobu Kunieda, 367,
Chapter 12 Applications of Emulsions Thomas Forster and Wolfgang von Ryhinski, 395,
Subject Index, 427,
CHAPTER 1
Emulsions — Recent Advances in Understanding
BERNARD P. BINKS
Surfactant Science Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
1.1 Introduction
This chapter reviews the progress in the understanding of emulsions over the last ten years or so. The emphasis is on the factors affecting the type and subsequent stability of emulsions, and on the associated properties of surface-active molecules adsorbed at the oil-water interface. The field of emulsions is a vast area and so the literature covered is selective rather than comprehensive.
An emulsion may be defined as an opaque, heterogeneous system of two immiscible liquid phases ('oil' and 'water') where one of the phases is dispersed in the other as drops of microscopic or colloidal size (typically around 1 µm). There are two kinds of simple emulsions, oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O), depending on which phase comprises the drops. Emulsions made by agitation of the pure immiscible liquids are very unstable and break rapidly to the bulk phases. Such emulsions may be stabilised by the addition of surface-active material which protects the newly formed drops from re-coalescence. An emulsifier is a surfactant which facilitates emulsion formation and aids in stabilisation through a combination of surface activity and possible structure formation at the interface.
This book is concerned with macromulsions and not ITLµITLemulsions. The latter are thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water, which means that they form spontaneously and are stable indefinitely. Being optically clear, their characteristic size lies in the range 5–50 nm. Most (macro)emulsions require the input of considerable amounts of energy for their formation and can only be stable in a kinetic sense. However, many systems of oil + water + surfactant which form microemulsions may be emulsified to emulsions and there is a growing interest in relating the properties of these emulsions to the known equilibrium phase behaviour of the corresponding microemulsions. Several recent reviews on microemulsions exist and an aim of this chapter is to discuss, as far as is possible, the behaviour of emulsions, stabilised by low molecular weight surfactants, in terms of the aggregation and adsorption in the micellar/microemulsion systems.
Several books on emulsions have appeared in the last decade. The ones devoted solely to emulsions include chapters on emulsion stability, food emulsions, crude oil emulsions, rheology, pharmaceutical emulsions and perfluorochemical emulsions as blood substitutes. Emulsions are so widely encountered in a huge variety of industries, e.g. agrochemical, food, pharmaceutical, paint, printing, petroleum, etc., that two World Congresses on Emulsions have been held in 1993 and 1997. The proceedings have been published and papers covered areas from manufacturing and stability to wetting and adhesion to applications. It would be impossible to review all aspects of emulsion science and technology in one article, and so the author refers to the many review articles which exist on the topics not to be discussed here, although some are the basis of subsequent chapters. These include emulsion formation, rheology, multiple emulsions, solid-stabilised emulsions, techniques for measurement, parenteral (fluorochemical or phospholipid-stabilised) emulsions, food emulsions, crude oil emulsions, and applications. This list is not exhaustive but it serves to illustrate the scope of the subject.
The chapter is organised into the following sections: Emulsion Type and the System Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance (HLB), Phase Inversion, Emulsion Stability, Gel Emulsions, and Forces between Oil–Water Interfaces.
1.2 Emulsion Type and the System Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance
1.2.1 Emulsions of Two Liquid Phases
Whether an emulsion is O/W or W/O depends on a number of variables like oil:water ratio, electrolyte concentration, temperature, etc. For most of this century, emulsion chemists have known that surfactants more 'soluble' in water tend to make O/W emulsions and surfactants more 'soluble' in oil tend to make W/O emulsions. This is the essence of Bancroft's rule, which states that the continuous phase of an emulsion tends to be the phase in which the emulsifier is preferentially soluble. The word 'soluble' is misleading, however, for two reasons. Firstly, a surfactant may be more soluble in, say, oil than in water in a binary system, but in the ternary system of oil + water -F surfactant it may partition more into water. A good example of this is with the anionic surfactant Aerosol OT (sodium bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate) which dissolves in heptane at 25 °C up to at least 0.5 m but has a solubility limit in water of only ~0.03 m]. An emulsion made from equal volumes of water and heptane at 25 °C is O/W, however. Secondly, no distinction is made between the solubility of monomeric or aggregated surfactant in oil or water. We will see that this is an important omission.
The first quantitative measure of the balance between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties within a particular surfactant came in 1949 when Griffin introduced the concept of the HLB, or hydrophile–lipophile balance, as a way of predicting emulsion type from surfactant molecular composition. A major problem of the HLB concept is that the HLB numbers assigned to the neat surfactant take no account of the effective HLB of a surfactant in situ adsorbed at an oil-water interface. Thus, for example, a nonionic surfactant of low HLB number (and hence predicted to stabilise W/O emulsions) may form O/W emulsions at low enough temperatures. It therefore became clear that the prevailing conditions of temperature, electrolyte concentration, oil type and chain length and cosurfactant concentration can all modify the geometry of the surfactant at an interface and thus change the curvature of the surfactant monolayer, which in some way affects the preferred emulsion type.
There have been developments in understanding how the type of emulsion is related to the phase diagram of mixtures of oil + water + surfactant at equilibrium. These have come from the studies with microemulsions and as an example we take the case of a nonionic surfactant of the polyoxyethylene glycol ether type, CnEm. Let us consider equilibrium systems of heptane and water (equal volumes) containing C12E5. At low [surfactant], monomer distributes between oil and water but heavily in favour of the oil. The partition coefficient defined as (molar concentration in heptane)/(molar concentration in water) increases from ~130 at 10 °C to ~1500 at 50 °C. Above a critical surfactant concentration, reached in both phases and designated CμCwater (typically 5 x 10-5 M)] and cμcoil (typically 6-60 x 10-3 M, all additional surfactant in excess of this concentration is present in the form of aggregates, hence the symbol μ for 'microemulsion'. At low temperatures (<28°C) the aggregates are oil-in-water microemulsion droplets formed in the water phase, in equilibrium with excess oil containing monomeric surfactant (Winsor I system). The preferred curvature of the monolayer is around oil and may be termed positive. At higher temperatures (>30°C), aggregation occurs in the oil phase in the form of water-in-oil microemulsion droplets which are in equilibrium with monomeric surfactant in the aqueous phase (Winsor II system). The monolayer curvature is now negative. At intermediate temperatures (28-30 °C), three phases are formed (Winsor III system) consisting of a surfactant-rich phase and both excess oil and aqueous phases. Here, the monolayer has, on average, zero net curvature.
It is frequently observed that the type of emulsion (O/W, W/O or intermediate) formed by homogenisation of the Winsor system is the same as that of the equilibrium microemulsion,, e.g. emulsification of an O/W microemulsion plus excess oil generally gives an O/W emulsion, the continuous phase of which is itself an O/W microemulsion. It is not obvious why this should be so, since in the case of microemulsions their behaviour is determined in part by the spontaneous curvature of the surfactant monolayer stabilising the nanometre-sized droplets. For emulsions, the radii of curvature of micrometre-sized drops are of the order of 1000 times the molecular dimensions and so it is difficult to see how curvature effects are implicated. In order to test and understand Bancroft's rule, the type of emulsion at different temperatures must be determined at various fixed surfactant concentrations. This is readily done via conductivity measurements (Figure 1.1). At high [C12E5], sufficient to form microemulsion aggregates in equilibrium systems, emulsions invert from O/W to W/O at temperatures around the Winsor III region. Thus, Bancroft's rule holds but it is impossible to say whether preferred emulsion type is determined by the distribution of monomeric or aggregated surfactant. At low [C12E5], where only monomer surfactant exists, emulsions are O/W at low temperatures and remain O/W even at temperatures where Winsor II systems would form in systems of higher surfactant concentration. Thus, we see an apparent violation of Bancroft's rule since despite the surfactant monomer distribution being in favour of oil, the stable emulsions are O/W Similar findings were reported by Harusawa et al. using nonylphenol ethoxylated surfactants.
A more useful concept than that of surfactant HLB numbers is that of the system HLB, related to the locus of aggregate formation. Thus 'high' HLB systems are those in which the aggregates (micelles or O/W microemulsions) form in the water phase, whereas Tow' HLB systems are those in which aggregation occurs in the oil phase, either as reverse micelles or W/O microemulsion droplets. It is now more correct to say that the phase containing the surfactant aggregates becomes the continuous phase of an emulsion. From the foregoing discussion, it is clear that the continuous phase of an emulsion is not necessarily the phase containing the highest concentration of surfactant. Bancroft's rule and the system HLB apply to surfactant aggregates rather than to total surfactant present in the system.
The results quoted above have allowed testing of theories put forward to explain preferred emulsion type. In the kinetic theory of Davies, it was assumed that the type of emulsion was determined by the relative rates of coalescence of oil and water drops after emulsification. Coalescence can be modelled as (i) the approach of the drops and the formation of a plane-parallel film and (ii) thinning of the film to a critical thickness followed by film rupture. The kinetics of thinning of such emulsion films was predicted theoretically using a hydrodynamic model. This velocity of thinning is dependent upon the balance of forces acting at the interface of the approaching drops. As the two drops come close to each other, liquid flows out of the film to its thicker parts resulting in the convective flux of surfactant at the surface, thus perturbing its equilibrium distribution. This generates reverse fluxes tending to restore equilibrium, including surface diffusive flux and bulk fluxes from the film and drop. The difference in surface concentration of surfactant results in a variation of the interfacial tension which produces a surface force (tension gradient) opposite to the liquid flow. The rise in tension depends on the Gibbs elasticity G of the film, equal to 2εD if sufficiently thick, where εD is the surface dilational modulus. G is a measure of the film's resistance to thinning. With this model, it is shown that the velocity of thinning depends on the location of non-adsorbed surfactant. If surfactant is present mainly in the continuous (film) phase, it has to diffuse a long way from the film perimeter in order to reduce G. Since the driving force for this process is the gradient of surfactant concentration along the surface, this diffusion cannot eliminate the tension gradient which opposes thinning. If, however, the surfactant is more soluble in the dispersed (drop) phase, it must diffuse a much shorter distance, and since this flux is driven by the normal gradient of the concentration, it can counterbalance the convective flux and so relieve the elasticity and increase the thinning velocity. Summarising, theory predicts that emulsions containing most of the surfactant in the dispersed phase will coalesce faster than those where surfactant is mainly in the continuous phase, and so will not be the preferred emulsion type, in apparent accordance with Bancroft's rule. The results in Figure 1.1, alongside the known partitioning of monomers and aggregates, demonstrate that arguments of emulsion type based on film elasticity are not applicable in cases where significant partitioning of monomer to an oil phase occurs.
Recently, Petsev et al. have advanced an argument based on interfacial bending in order to explain the correspondence between emulsion (sub-micron in size) and microemulsion types. They assume that drop surfaces can deform on approach and, in addition to the energy of interfacial stretching upon collision, the energy of interfacial bending is also taken into account. This is the energy contribution caused by the variation of the interfacial curvature, H = -1/r, r being the drop radius. The corresponding contribution to the drop deformation energy is
Wb = -2πa2B0H (1.1)
provided (a/r [much greater than 1, where a is the film radius and B0 is the interfacial bending moment of a flat interface, equal to -4KH0 with K being the bending elasticity constant and H0 the spontaneous curvature. K is a measure of the energy required to bend unit area of a spherical interface. Assuming a ≈ r/50 and using equation (1.1), one obtains |Wb| = r(π/1250)|B0|. For oil-water interfaces saturated with surfactant, K is of the order of the thermal energy kT and |B|0 is of the order of 5 x 10-11 N. With r = 5 x 10-7 m, then Wb ≈ 15kT. In other words, bending effects can be significant for the interaction between sub-micron emulsion drops. Although the bending energy is known to be important for the interfaces of very high curvature as in microemulsion droplets, the above result seems surprising for emulsion drops. It is due to the fact that when the drop radius r increases, the bent area increases faster (a2 [varies] r2 than the bending energy per unit area decreases (H [varies] 1/r). For positive B0, the interface is bent around the oil phase (O/W) and the bending moment facilitates the formation of a flat film between two aqueous drops in oil (Wb< 0) but opposes the formation of a flat film between two oil drops in water (Wb > 0). In emulsions where the interfacial tension is low (say <0.1 mN m-1), simultaneous formation of microemulsion droplets and emulsion drops can occur (Figure 1.2). One can expect that when B0H< 0, the formation of stable drops is facilitated since Wb > 0, opposing deformation. This is the case for both macro- and microdrops depicted in Figure 1.2a, where microdroplets are in the continuous phase. On the other hand, H has opposite signs for macro- and microdrops in the configuration depicted in Figure 1.2b, where microdroplets are in the dispersed phase. B0H< 0 for microemulsion droplets but is positive for the macroemulsion drops. Consequently, the bending moment will favour the formation of a plane film between approaching macrodrops. This will facilitate substantial deformation, leading to flocculation and coalescence of the emulsion drops containing microemulsion droplets inside. The emulsion containing microemulsion droplets in the continuous phase will be more stable and survive, as observed in practice.
A similar theoretical argument, proposed by Kabalnov and Wennerstrom, explains the correspondence between the equilibrium phase behaviour and the emulsion type and stability by considering the final stage of drop coalescence in which two drops which have made contact are connected by a narrow neck or hole, as shown schematically in Figure 1.3. The surfactant monolayer is highly curved in the region of the neck whereas it is virtually planar everywhere else. As the neck grows there is a change in both the area of the intervening liquid film (ΔA)] and in its curvature. On one hand, emulsion film rupture is driven by reducing the interfacial area of the planar part of the film. On the other, the edge of the neck creates extra interfacial area and therefore a free energy penalty. The energy barrier to hole nucleation thus comes from an interplay between the free energy penalty at the edge of the hole and the free energy gain at the planar part.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Modern Aspects of Emulsion Science by Bernard P. Binks. Copyright © 1998 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
"About the title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Shipping rates from Germany to U.S.A.
| Item | 26 to 60 business days | 26 to 60 business days |
|---|---|---|
| First item | US$ 56.27 | US$ 56.27 |
Payment methods
- Bank Wire Transfer
- Check
- Paypal
Store description
Online Handel nur mit Neubüchern
Seller's business information
Moluna GmbH
Engberdingdamm 27
Greven, Germany 48268
Terms of sale
Instructions for revocation/
Standard Business Terms and customer information/ data protection declaration
Revocation right for consumers
(A ‘consumer’ is any natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities.)
Instructions for revocation
Revocation right
You have the right to revoke this contract within one month without specifying any reasons.
The revocation period is one month with effect from the day,
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the products, provided you had ordered one or more products within the scope of a standard order and this/these product/products is/are delivered uniformly;
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last product, provided you had ordered several products within the scope of a standard order and these products are delivered separately;
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last part delivery or the last unit, provided you had ordered a product, which is delivered in several part deliveries or units;
In order to exercise your revocation right, you must inform us (Moluna GmbH, Engberdingdamm 27, 48268 Greven, Telephone number: 02571/5 69 89 33, Fax number: 02571/5 69 89 30, E-Mail address: abe@moluna.de) of your decision to revoke this contract by means of a clear declaration (e.g. a letter sent via post, fax or email). You can use the enclosed specimen revocation form for this, which however is not mandatory.
In order to safeguard the revocation period, it is sufficient that you send the notification about the exercise of the revocation right before the expiry of the revocation period.
Consequences of the revocation
If you revoke this contract, we shall repay all the payments, which we received from you, including the delivery costs (with the exception of additional costs, which arise from that fact that you selected a form of delivery other than the most reasonable standard delivery offered by us), immediately and at the latest within 14 days from the day on which we received the notification about the revocation of this contract from you. We use the same means of payment, which you had originally used during the original transaction, for this repayment unless expressly agreed otherwise with you; you will not be charged any fees owing to this repayment.
We can refuse the repayment until the products are returned to us or until you have furnished evidence that you have sent the products back to us, depending on whichever is earlier.
You must return or transfer the products to us immediately and, in any case, at the latest within 14 days with effect from the day on which you inform us of the revocation of this contract. The deadline is maintained if you send the products before the expiry of the 14 day deadline.
You bear the direct costs for returning the products.
You must pay for any depreciation of the products only if this depreciation can be attributed to any handling with you that was not necessary for checking the condition, features and functionality of the products.
Criteria for exclusion or expiry
The revocation right is not available for contracts
for delivery of products, which are not prefabricated and for whose manufacturing an individual selection or stipulation by the consumer is important or which are clearly tailored to the personal requirements of the consumer;
for delivery of products, which can spoil quickly or whose use-by date would be exceeded quickly;
for delivery of alcoholic drinks, whose price was agreed at the time of concluding the contract, which however can be delivered 30 days after the conclusion of the contract at the earliest and whose current value depends on the fluctuations in the market, on which the entrepreneur has no influence;
for delivery of newspapers, periodicals or magazines with the exception of subscription contracts.
The revocation right expires prematurely in case of contracts
for delivery of sealed products, which are not suitable for return for reasons of health protection or hygiene if their seal has been removed after the delivery;
for delivery of products if they have been mixed inseparably with other goods after the delivery, owing to their condition;
for delivery of sound or video recording or computer software in a sealed package if the seal has been removed after the delivery.
Specimen - revocation form
(If you wish to revoke the contract, please fill up this form and send it back to us.)
-
To Moluna GmbH, Münsterstr. 105, 48268 Greven, Fax number: 02571/5 69 89 30, Email address: abe@moluna.de :
-
I/we () herewith revoke the contract concluded by me/ us () regarding the purchase of the following products ()/
the provision of the following service () -
Ordered on ()/ received on ()
-
Name of the consumer(s)
-
Address of the consumer(s)
-
Signature of the consumer(s) (only in case of a notification on paper)
-
Date
(*) Cross out the incorrect option.
Standard Business Terms and customer information / data protection declaration
I. Standard business terms
§ 1 Basic provisions
(1) The following terms and conditions of business apply for all contracts concluded with us as the supplier (Moluna GmbH) via the websites AbeBooks and/or ZVAB. Unless otherwise agreed, the inclusion of your own terms and conditions is explicitly rejected.
(2) A ‘consumer’ in the sense of the following regulations is every natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities. The term ‘businessman’ refers to every natural person, legal person or legally responsible partnership that concludes a legal transaction in pursuance of his/its independent professional or commercial activity.
§ 2 Conclusion of the contract
(1) The subject-matter of the contract is the selling of products .
(2) If an article is placed by us with AbeBooks or ZVAB, the activation of the page on AbeBooks or ZVAB shall involve the binding offer to conclude a contract under the terms and conditions contained in the article page.
(3) The contract shall become effective via the online shopping cart system as follows:
The products intended for purchase are moved to the "shopping cart". You can select the "Shopping Cart" using the appropriate buttons on the navigation bar and make changes there at any time.
After calling up the “Checkout” page and entering the required personal data and payment and shipping conditions, all order information is then displayed again on the order summary page.
Before submitting the order, you have the ability once more to review or change any information here (you may also use the "back" button on the Internet browser), or to cancel the purchase.
By clicking the “Buy now” button to submit the order, you declare your legally binding acceptance of the order which makes the contract effective.
(4) The execution of the order and the sending of all the details necessitated by the conclusion of the contract take place via e-mail, in a partially-automated manner. Consequently, you have to ensure that the e-mail address that you have deposited with us is the correct one, and that the receipt of the respective e-mails is guaranteed. In particular, you have to ensure that the respective e-mails are not blocked by a SPAM filter.
§ 3 Right of retention, reservation of proprietary rights
(1) You can only exercise a right of retention if the situation in question involves claims arising from the same contractual relationship.
(2) The goods remain our property until the purchase price is paid in full.
(3) If you are a businessman, the following conditions also apply:
a) We retain ownership of the goods until all the claims arising from the ongoing business relationship have been settled in full. The goods subject to retention of title may not be pledged or transferred by way of security before ownership of the said goods changes hands.
b) You can re-sell the goods within the framework of an orderly transaction. In this regard, you hereby cede all the claims amounting to the magnitude of the billing amount that accrue to you as a result of the re-selling operation to us, and we accept the cession. Furthermore, you are authorised to collect the claim in question. However, insofar as you do not discharge your payment obligations in an orderly fashion, we reserve the right to collect the claim ourselves.
c) In a situation involving the combination and amalgamation of the goods subject to retention of title, we acquire co-ownership of the newly-formed item. This co-ownership corresponds to the ratio that exists between the invoice value of the goods subject to retention of title and the other processed items at the time of processing.
d) If you make a request of this nature, we shall be obligated to release the securities that are due to us, to the extent that the realisable value of our securities exceeds the claim to be secured by more than 10%. We are responsible for selecting the securities to be released.
§ 4 Warranty
(1) The statutory warranty rights are applicable.
(2) As a consumer, you are requested to promptly check the product for completeness, visible defects and transport damage as soon as it is delivered, and promptly disclose your complaints to us and the shipping company in writing. Even if you do not comply with this request, it shall have no effect on your legal warranty claims.
(3) If a characteristic of the goods deviates from the objective requirements, the deviation shall only be deemed to be agreed if you were informed of the same by us before submitting the contractual declaration and the deviation was expressly and separately agreed between the contracting parties.
(4)
Insofar as you are an entrepreneur, the following shall apply in deviation from the above warranty provisions:
a) Only our own specifications and the manufacturer's product description shall be deemed agreed as the quality of the goods, but not other advertising, public promotions and statements by the manufacturer.
b) In the event of defects, we shall, at our discretion, provide warranty by rectification of the defect or subsequent delivery. If the rectification of defects fails, you may, at your option, demand a reduction in price or withdraw from the contract. The rectification of defects shall be deemed to have failed after a second unsuccessful attempt, unless the nature of the goods or the defect or other circumstances indicate otherwise. In the event of rectification of defects, we shall not be obliged to bear the increased costs arising from the transport of the goods to a place other than the place of performance, unless such transport is in accordance with the intended use of the goods.
c) The warranty period shall be one year from delivery of the goods. The shortening of the period shall not apply
- for culpable damage attributable to us arising from injury to life, limb or health and for other damage caused intentionally or by gross negligence;
- insofar as we have fraudulently concealed the defect or have assumed a guarantee for the quality of the item;
- in the case of items which have been used for a building in accordance with their customary use and have caused its defectiveness;
- in the case of statutory rights of recourse that you may assert against us in connection with rights arising from defects.
§ 5 Choice of law, place of fulfilment, jurisdiction
(1) German law shall apply. This choice of law only applies to customers if it does not result in the revocation of the protection guaranteed by the mandatory provisions of the law of the country in which the respective customer’s usual place of residence is located (benefit-of-the-doubt principle).
(2) If you are not a consumer, but a businessman, a legal entity under public law or an institutional fund governed by public law, our place of business is the place of jurisdiction as well as the place of fulfilment for all services that follow from the business relationships that exist with us. The same condition applies to situations in which you are not associated with a general place of jurisdiction in Germany or the EU, as well as situations in which the place of residence or the usual place of residence is not known at the time of commencement of proceedings. This has no bearing on the capacity to call upon the court associated with another place of jurisdiction.
(3) The provisions of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods are explicitly inapplicable.
II. Customer information
- Identity of the seller
Moluna GmbH
Engberdingdamm 27
48268 Greven
Germany
Telephone: 02571/5698933
E-Mail: abe@moluna.de
- Information regarding the conclusion of the contract
The technical steps associated with the conclusion of the contract, the contract conclusion itself and the correction options are executed in accordance to the regulations "conclusion of the contract" in our standard business terms (part I.).
- Contractual language, saving the text of the contract
3.1 Contract language shall be English.
3.2 The complete text of the contract is not saved with us. Before the order is sent, the contract data can be printed out or electronically saved using the browser’s print function. After the order is received by us, the order data, the legally-mandated details related to distance selling contracts and the standard business terms are re-sent to you via e-mail.
- Main features of the product or service
The key features of the goods and/or services can be found in the respective quote.
- Prices and payment arrangements
5.1 The prices mentioned in the respective offers represent total prices, as do the shipping costs. They include all the price components, including all the incidental taxes.
5.2 The dispatch costs that are incurred are not included in the purchase price. They can be viewed by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote, are shown separately over the course of the order transaction and must additionally be borne by you, insofar as free delivery is not confirmed.
5.3 The payment methods that are available to you are shown by clicking the appropriate button on our website or are disclosed in the respective quote.
5.4 Unless otherwise specified for the respective payment methods, the payment claims arising from the contract that has been concluded become payable immediately.
- Delivery conditions
6.1 The delivery conditions, delivery date and existing supply restrictions, if applicable, can be found by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote.
Unless a different period is specified in the item description or our delivery conditions, the goods are delivered within 3-5 days after the conclusion of the contract (in case an advance payment has been agreed upon, after the payment authorisation).
6.2 If you are a consumer, the following is statutorily regulated: The risk of the sold item accidentally being destroyed or degraded during shipping only passes over to you when the item in question is delivered, regardless of whether or not the shipping operation is insured. This condition does not apply if you have independently commissioned a transport company that has not been specified by us or a person who has otherwise been appointed to execute the shipping operation.
If you are a businessman, the delivery and shipping operations take place at your own risk.
- Statutory warranty right
Liability for defects is governed by the “Warranty” provisions in our General Terms and Conditions of Business (Part I).
last update: 01.01.2022
Data protection declaration
Unless stated otherwise below, the provision of your personal data is neither legally nor contractually obligatory, nor required for conclusion of a contract. You are not obliged to provide your data. Not providing it will have no consequences. This only applies as long as the processing procedures below do not state otherwise.
“Personal data” is any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.
Responsible person
Contact us at any time. The contact details of the person responsible for data processing can be found in our legal notice.
Collection, processing, and transfer of personal data in orders
When you submit an order we only collect and use your personal data insofar as this is necessary for the fulfilment and handling of your order as well as processing of your queries. The provision of data is necessary for conclusion of a contract. Failure to provide it will prevent the conclusion of any contract. The processing will occur on the basis of Article 6(1) b) GDPR and is required for the fulfilment of a contract with you.
Your data is transferred here for example to the shipping companies and dropshipping providers, payment service providers, service providers for handling the order and IT service providers that you have selected. We will comply strictly with legal requirements in every case. The scope of data transmission is restricted to a minimum.
Duration of storage
After contractual processing has been completed, the data is initially stored for the duration of the warranty period, then in accordance with the retention periods prescribed by law, especially tax and commercial law, and then deleted after the period has elapsed, unless you have agreed to further processing and use.
Rights of the affected person
If the legal requirements are fulfilled, you have the following rights according to art. 15 to 20 GDPR: Right to information, correction, deletion, restriction of processing, data portability. You also have a right of objection against processing based on art. 6 (1) GDPR, and to processing for the purposes of direct marketing, according to art. 21 (1) GDPR.
Right to complain to the regulatory authority
You have the right to complain to the regulatory authority according to art. 77 GDPR if you believe that your data is not being processed legally.
Right to object
If the data processing outlined here is based on our legitimate interests in accordance with Article 6(1)f) GDPR, you have the right for reasons arising from your particular situation to object at any time to the processing of your data with future effect.
If the objection is successful, we will no longer process the personal data, unless we can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing that outweigh your interests or rights and freedoms, or the processing is intended for the assertion, exercise or defence of legal claims.
last update: 10.01.2022