Davisson Germer (10 results)

Softcover. Condition: Good. Blue soft cover, black lettering, 3-hole punched. Science ; Ex-Library.

Softcover. Condition: Good. Blue soft cover, black lettering, 3-hole punched. Science ; Ex-Library.

Soft cover. Condition: Very Good. 1st Edition. Davisson, C J and L H Germer. "A Test for Polarization of Electron Waves by Reflection", in Physical Review, vol 33 number 5, May 1929, with the Davisson/Germer on pp 760-762 in the issue of pp 643-871. Original printed wrappers. VG copy.

Original wrappers. Condition: Very Good. First edition. FIRST EDITION IN ORIGINAL WRAPPERS of Davisson and Germer's confirmation of de Broglie's hypothesis that matter has wave-like properties. "A 1927 paper in the Physical Review demonstrated that particles of matter can act like waves, just as light waves sometimes behave like particles. Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, then in New York, found that electrons scatter from a crystal in the same way that x rays do. The work began as a result of a laboratory accident and ultimately earned Davisson a Nobel Prize. "In 1924, Louis de Broglie. proposed that matter, like light, has a dual nature. The next year, graduate student Walter Elsasser of the University of Göttingen in Germany proposed a way to test it: If electrons do have a wave nature, they should, like light, exhibit wave phenomena such as diffraction. In one form of diffraction, a light beam passing through a regular series of holes or slits, called a grating, exhibits "dark spots" in directions where the wave troughs coming from some holes cancel the peaks coming from others. "Bright spots" appear in directions where the peaks reinforce one another. A beam of tiny marbles, as electrons were conceived of until this point, could never show such cancellation and enhancement. "By chance, Davisson and his junior partner Germer were well-positioned to quickly follow Elsasser's suggestion. They had been attempting to probe the structure of the atom by firing low-speed electrons at nickel and measuring the scatter. Their experiments weren't turning up anything of interest, and in 1925 they were saved from frustration and ultimately obscurity by an accident. Their equipment broke, and extreme heating recrystallized their nickel target into a few large crystals, where previously there had been many smaller ones. Their data, showing the amount of scattered electrons at each detector position, began exhibiting some intriguing peaks. "It was only later, when Davisson discussed his results with physicists during his 1926 summer vacation in England, that he learned of de Broglie's theory and realized that his data likely contained the world's first glimpse of electron diffraction. The atoms in the recrystallized nickel had acted as a grating. Following this realization, Davisson and Germer began a deliberate search for diffraction patterns, especially the peaks in their data plots that would indicate extra electrons scattering in specific directions. After some disappointing initial results, they found a single peak that agreed both with de Broglie's theory and with separate experiments using x rays in place of electrons. Eventually they found 30 peaks, 29 of which could be explained by diffraction. One was left unexplained, and they failed to find eight additional peaks that they had expected to appear. "The team published a short paper in Nature in early 1927 and then a more complete article later that year in the Physical Review. George Paget Thomson of the University of Aberdeen in Scotland published his own experimental proof of electron diffraction just a month later and shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in physics with Davisson" (Chelsea Wald, American Physical Society). Particle Physics: One Hundred Years of Discoveries: "Discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals. Confirmation of the wave properties of moving electrons. Nobel Prize to C.J. Davisson awarded in 1937 and to co-winner G.P. Thomson 'for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.'" IN: The Physical Review, Vol 30, No. 6, December 1927, pp. 705-740. Minneapolis, MN: The American Physical Society, 1927. Octavo, original wrappers; custom box. Some fading to spine and wrapper edges; otherwise fine. RARE in wrappers.

London, Macmillian and Co, 1927. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with whilte title paper-label to spine. In "Nature", vol. 119, 1927, entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and title-pages of each issue.Light wear to extremieies, otherwise fine. Pp. 558-560. [Entire volume: LIX, (1), 948, 100]. First edition of this seminal and highly influential paper on electron diffraction. Today the paper is regarded as one of the most important in the entire journal of Nature, and it led directly to Davisson receiving the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937. It advanced understanding of physics at the quantum level and led to inventions such as the electron microscope. Davisson and Germer's confirmation of the de Broglie hypothesis if today known as the Davisson-Germer experiment."Davisson's investigations on the scattering of electrons entered a new phase when, in April 1925, his taget was heavily oxidized by an accidental explosion of a liquid-air bottle. He cleaned the target by prolonged heating and then found the distribution-inangle of the secondary electrons completely changed, new showing a strong dependence on crystal direction. Prior to the accident the target had consisted of many tiny crystals, but heating converted it to several large crystals. Davisson and L. H. Germer, who had replaced Kunsman before the accident, at once began bombarding targets of single crystals. [.] When Davisson returned from England, he and Germer began a systematic research for some sort of interference phenomenon, and in January 1927 they observed electron beams resulting from diffraction by a single crystal of nickle. The results were in good agreement with de Broglie's prediction. For his confirmation of electron waves Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937 with G. P. Thomson." (DSB, III, 597b-598a).

London, Macmillian and Co, 1927. Royal8vo. Bound in a nice black full cloth with title, year and exlibris (Grosvenor Library) in gilt on spine. The entire volume 119, 1927, of "Nature" offered. Pasted library stamp to pasted down free front end-paper. Binding tight, clean and externally as well as internally. Pp. 558-560. [Entire volume: LIX, (1), 948, 100]. First edition of this seminal and highly influential paper on electron diffraction. Today the paper is regarded as one of the most important in the entire journal of Nature, and it led directly to Davisson receiving the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937. It advanced understanding of physics at the quantum level and led to inventions such as the electron microscope. Davisson and Germer's confirmation of the de Broglie hypothesis if today known as the Davisson-Germer experiment."Davisson's investigations on the scattering of electrons entered a new phase when, in April 1925, his taget was heavily oxidized by an accidental explosion of a liquid-air bottle. He cleaned the target by prolonged heating and then found the distribution-inangle of the secondary electrons completely changed, new showing a strong dependence on crystal direction. Prior to the accident the target had consisted of many tiny crystals, but heating converted it to several large crystals. Davisson and L. H. Germer, who had replaced Kunsman before the accident, at once began bombarding targets of single crystals. [.] When Davisson returned from England, he and Germer began a systematic research for some sort of interference phenomenon, and in January 1927 they observed electron beams resulting from diffraction by a single crystal of nickle. The results were in good agreement with de Broglie's prediction. For his confirmation of electron waves Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937 with G. P. Thomson." (DSB, III, 597b-598a).

1st Edition. FIRST EDITIONS OF FOUR VERY IMPORTANT PHYSICS PAPERS, TWO OF WHICH CONFIRMED DE BROGLIE'S HYPOTHESIS ON THE WAVE NATURE OF MATTER. Davisson and Thomson shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" (Nobel Prize Portal). (1) DAVISSON & GERMER'S 1927 confirmation of de Broglie's hypothesis --the first observation of the wave nature of electrons. de Broglie's wave-particle duality hypothesis and this 1927 confirmation were major steps forward in the experimental confirmation of quantum mechanics. Though Davisson's discovery was somewhat "accidental", it is considered the "definitive confirmation of de Broglie's hypothesis" (L'Annunziata, Radioactivity, 428; Brush, Making 20th Century Science, 224). (2) THOMSON & REID's purposefully set out to prove de Broglie's hypothesis, the wave nature of the electron. Together they designed an instrument to observe diffraction effects, specifically using transmission geometry with high-energy electrons (Davisson and Germer had used reflection diffraction geometry with low-energy electrons. (3) ELLIS & WOOSTER here demonstrate that beta decay does not conserve energy (they did not know of the existence of the neutrino at the time). "By measuring the average energy of disintegration of electrons in the beta decay of radium E", Ellis and Wooster "firmly established that the energy spectrum of electrons emitted in beta decay was continuous" (Hon, Going Amiss in Experimental Research, 227). (4) MAX BORN'S first description in English of his revolutionary new probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. In 1926, Born published, in German, a series of papers entitled "Zur Quantenmechanik der Stoßvorgänge". The papers presented, explained, and developed Born's probability interpretation (also known as the statistical interpretation) for the first time. In this paper, Born explains that work in English for the first time with the additional goal of making "an attempt to understand the physical significance of the quantum theoretical formulae" as a whole (Born, Nature 119, 1927). ALSO INCLUDED: a hundred page "Supplement to Nature: The Bicentenary of Newton's Death" bound in. NOTE THAT WE SEPARATELY OFFER THE 1927 THOMSON & REID PAPER AND THE 1928 THOMSON PAPER ON THE SAME SUBJECT IN ORIGINAL WRAPS. WE ALSO OFFER DE BROGLIE'S SEMINAL PAPER IN BOTH ORIGINAL WRAPS AND BOUND. CONDITION & DETAILS: London: Macmillan. Complete volume. 4to. 10.5 x 8 inches (262 x 200mm). [lix], 948, [100], 4. Ex-libris bearing only minimal markings on the title page and none on the spine. Full, complete volume. Handsomely and professionally rebound in half leather. 5 raised bands at the spine, gilt-ruled. One red morocco label; one black morocco label; both gilt-lettered. Tightly and very solidly bound. Clean and bright throughout. Near fine condition.

1st Edition. FIRST EDITION IN ORIGINAL WRAPS of Davisson and Germer's famous 1927 experiment confirming de Broglie's hypothesis on matter waves, a key pillar of the emerging theories of quantum mechanics. The Davisson-Germer experiment demonstrated the wave-like nature of electrons by showing that they could be diffracted by a nickel crystal, and in so doing, provided important experimental support for de Broglie's theory of 'matter waves,' Bohr's theory of complementarity and Schrodinger's theory of wave mechanics. Their experiment did not begin as a test of the wave theory. They 'were studying the surface of a piece of metallic nickel by bombarding it with electrons, and observing how many electrons were scattered at various angles. During the experiment an accident occurred. Air entered the vacuum tube containing the nickel target, so that an oxide film formed on its surface. To reduce the oxide on the target the two experimenters heated the nickel to high temperatures. The effect of this was that large crystals were formed in the metal. When they repeated the experiment they obtained quite different results. Peaks in the intensity of the reflected electrons occurred at specific angles, in contrast to what they had observed before the accident. They immediately noticed the similarity of this behavior to the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. It was thus that Davisson and Germer discovered electron waves" (Dardo, Nobel Laureates and Twentieth-Century Physics, 197-198). The wave nature of the electron had been established. In April of the same year, 1927, Davisson and Germer published a small and very cautious announcement of their findings in Nature. The Physical Review paper is lengthy and is "a detailed, comprehensive report on experiments performed, conclusions reached and questions left unanswered. One of the significant features of the paper was its thoughtful examination of the possible ways of interpreting the systematic differences between observed and calculated electron wavelengths" (Physics Today, January 1978, 40). Their writing makes clear that between the March announcement in Nature and April when the Physical Review abstract was first prepared, they had "already gone beyond the point of using the 'known' structure of the nickel crystal to find out about the possibility of the wave properties of the electron: they were now using the 'known' electron waves to learn new facts about the nickel crystal" (Physics Today, 39). Davisson and Germer showed that waves are not simply mathematical conveniences, but have observable physical effects. Just as Compton showed that waves could act like particles, Davisson and Germer showed that particles could act as waves. Compton's work, together with that of Davisson and Germer established the wave particle duality hypothesis so fundamental to quantum theory. CONDITION & DETAILS: Minneapolis: American Physical Society. The Physical Review, Vol. 30, No. 6, December 1927, pp. 705-741. Quarto (10 x 7 inches; 250 x 175mm). The original wraps are toned and faded, more so at the edges. There is chipping with minor loss at the head of the spine and a small corner of the lower left rear wrap is missing; slight crease at the center foot of the textblock. There is a very, very slight stain at the foot of about three quarter of the pages, but one does have to look carefully to see it. Withal, the issue remains tightly and solidly bound.

(25 x 17 cm). (8) 980 S. Mit zahlreichen Abbildungen. Leinwandband der Zeit. Erste Ausgabe. - Davisson (1881-1958), Professor für Physik in Charlottesville, entdeckt 1927 gemeinsam mit Germer die Elektronenbeugung an Kristallgittern und erbringt damit den Beweis für die 1923 von de Broglie postulierten Materiewellen. 1937 erhält er hierfür den Nobelpreis für Physik, zusammen mit G. P. Thomson. - Vorderer Einbanddeckel etwas fleckig, sonst sauber und gut erhalten. - DSB 3, 597.

Minneapolis, The Collegiate Press, 1927. 4to. As extracted from "The Physical Review, Volume 30, Second Series, July-December, 1927". Title-page detached, with vague library stamp to top right corner. A fine and clean copy. (2), 704-740 pp. First printing of Davisson and Germer's paper in which they present some additional discoveries not published in their groundbreaking paper "The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel" published the same year. This led directly to Davisson receiving the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937. It advanced understanding of physics at the quantum level and led to inventions such as the electron microscope."Davisson and Germer submitted their results to Nature in early March and their paper was published on 16 April. It contains a detailed comparison between their replcted beams and those that would be produced by illuminationg the crystal with X-rays. There were thirteen reflected beams in all, of which ten corresponded to those seen in X-ray diffraction". (Gerwin, A Century of Nature, 28 p.) They could not account for the last three wave and this was not published in their first paper. "The remaining three peaks for which Davisson and Germer could not find any correspondence with X-ray data were later identified as being due to diffraction from atoms absorb ed on the surfaces of the target crystal." (Ibid.). This information was published in the present paper. "Davisson's investigations on the scattering of electrons entered a new phase when, in April 1925, his taget was heavily oxidized by an accidental explosion of a liquid-air bottle. He cleaned the target by prolonged heating and then found the distribution-inangle of the secondary electrons completely changed, new showing a strong dependence on crystal direction. Prior to the accident the target had consisted of many tiny crystals, but heating converted it to several large crystals. Davisson and L. H. Germer, who had replaced Kunsman before the accident, at once began bombarding targets of single crystals. [.] When Davisson returned from England, he and Germer began a systematic research for some sort of interference phenomenon, and in January 1927 they observed electron beams resulting from diffraction by a single crystal of nickle. The results were in good agreement with de Broglie's prediction. For his confirmation of electron waves Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937 with G. P. Thomson." (DSB, III, 597b-598a).Davisson and Germer's confirmation of the de Broglie hypothesis if today known as the Davisson-Germer experiment.