Leonard Kabongo (39 results)

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Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: B, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5) calls for improving maternal health and focuses on two specific objectives: the reduction of global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by two third and the universal access to reproductive health by the year 2015 (United Nations, 2013).Recent data shows that globally the Maternal Mortality Ratio has seen a significant decrease from 400 per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 260 per 100,000 live births in 2008 (Zere et al, 2011). Despite this world progress, some 300,000 women died in 2013 from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth whereby 62% of the deaths occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa (United Nations, 2014).Access to a comprehensive package of reproductive health services has seen an improvement with 83% of pregnant women attended by a skilled health worker at least once during their pregnancy in 2012 compare to 65% in 1990 (United Nations, 2014).According to the United Nations (2014), there remain extreme differences in maternal mortality among countries with almost one third of global deaths concentrated in India (17%) and Nigeria (14%); with Sierra Leone being the Country with the highest MMR (1100 per 100,000 live births) while Belarus has the lowest (1 per 100,000 live births).Namibia is one of the affected sub-Saharan countries. It is estimated that, everyday a woman dies in Namibia due to complications related to either pregnancy or childbirth. The Maternal Mortality ratio has increased from 225 per 100,000 live births in 1992 to 271 per 100,000 live births in 2000 and 449 per 100,000 live births in 2007/2008 (WHO, 2009).This data has put the Country on a balance scale to initiate and develop policies and programs for the acceleration of the reduction of MMR against set targets and reverse the trends to achieve 75% reduction in accordance with the MDG5 target.The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze policies, strategies and programs that were developed in Namibia to meet the global and country targets for the attainment of the MDG5.Also to evaluate the progress made ,discuss challenges and identify way forwards for local and global response.This essay will review the Millennium Development Goals agenda, the Namibian Country health status in the context of MDG 5 and the policies, strategies and programs developed to mitigate Maternal Mortality.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Psychology - Personality Psychology, grade: B, University of Manchester (HRCI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined in the DSMV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Firth Edition) as a group of psychiatric related symptoms after exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence by direct experience, witnessing or distant learning of a traumatic event that occurred to a close person. These symptoms include distressing memories and dreams of the traumatic event, dissociative reactions and marked psychological reactions to internal and external cues that symbolize the event, avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts or feelings, negative alterations in cognitions like dissociative amnesia and feeling of detachment, angry outbursts, irritability behavior, recklessness, hypervigilance and sleep disturbance. The diagnosis of PTSD is established when the above mentioned symptoms persist for one month and exhibit clinical manifestations, significant distress of impairment in social and occupational functioning not associated with a substance abuse (alcohol or drug).Introduced in the 1980 in the DSMIII after the Vietnam War, PTSD concept was however not new in the history of Medicine. It has evolved historically from the time of Homer and has been recognized and described for the past century. The holocaust and more recently the American World Trade Center attack has brought into the trauma theory with more publications been released. From its definition in the DSMV, PTSD is viewed as a result of an abrupt, singled traumatic event and its consequences on the human psyche resulting in pschychiatric symptoms as I mentioned above. From this angle, the definition of PTSD is non inclusive expressing an individualized, monoculture and unilateral historic considerations which is argued as a Euro-American culture-bound syndrome that does not apply traditional cultures. On the other hand, for other psychologists and psychiatrists the new concept of PTSD (as defined in the DSMV) is thought to have provided an operational definition applicable for many clinical situations, showed a link between physical pain and psychological event, recognized the extend of a traumatic exposure and more importantly fertilized.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Health - Miscellaneous, grade: B, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: At a local Hospital, an increased number of people admitted and treated for Respiratory Disease have been observed and most of them work at a local Factory. There is a concern that the dust generated by the machinery at the Company would be the contributing factor.A Case Control Study will be conducted on the Incidence of respiratory disease to prove or disapprove the association between the incident cases of respiratory disease and the exposure to the dust generated by the factory.The Research Protocol is adapted from the World Health Organization proposed study protocol format (WHO, 2014).The protocol will state the problem and the hypothesis generated to be tested, the aim and objectives to be achieved and the current knowledge on the topic in a literature review.A thorough explanation on the choice of the study design, methodology and sampling will be preceded by the study outcome and its measurement methods.Data collection and analysis using statistical methods with the potential sources of bias are elaborated. A discussion highlighting the pros and cons of this study as well as the study limitations are explained.A conclusive summary and Ethic statements followed by a list of References will shape the end of this study.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Medicine - Gynecology, Andrology, grade: A, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: The World Health Organization defines unsafe abortion as a procedure for terminating a pregnancy that is performed by an individual lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment that does not conform to minimal medical standards, or both. Unsafe abortion is common in places where abortion is illegal. Every year almost 44,000 abortions occur globally and nearly half of them are unsafe whereby almost all unsafe abortions (98 percent) are happening in developing Countries. In Countries where abortion remains unsafe, it is a leading cause of maternal mortality. According to the WHO unsafe abortions contribute to 13% of all maternal mortality globally and are direct cause of maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. When comparing women with their counterpart men in Sexual and Reproductive Health, there is no such a high cause of mortality in men. This difference shows the existent gender inequality in most developing Countries. In these settings women are denied access to information, education on safe sex, contraception and are not offered an informed consent on their fertility choices. Gender based violence is one of the contributing factor to this inequality that women suffer and this affect their potential development and enjoyment of their right to health including their right to Sexual and Reproductive Health. These universal rights legitimate women to choose whether to conceive or when to form a family. This should have not been difficult to achieve in a World with so much technologies of modern effective contraceptive methods. And the issue of unsafe abortion and its complications could be averted. Conversely this is not the case in the context where legal structures should determine the fate of those who should make decisions for their own lives. The legalization or non-legalization of termination of pregnancy has been a battle ground for Centuries in many Countries across the Globe with different variations in the trends of abortion legal frameworks. In this essay, I will discuss why unsafe abortion is perceived as neglected globally and evaluate the extent to which human rights-based approach can be useful to mitigate this public health problem and conclude with my personal view on this issue.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2010 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: B, ( Atlantic International University ) (School of Human and Social studies), course: Fundementals of Epidemiology, language: English, abstract: Malaria is an endemic disease in Zambia and it's a major public health problem in Africa, especially in the Tropics and developing countries. Malaria continues to place an unacceptable burden on health and economic development in over 100 countries across the world, with malaria mortality exceeding one million annually, primarily in children under five(3).Efforts have been put in place over the years to reduce the high incidence and mortality rate due to Malaria. From pharmaceutical options reviews to environmental actions, governments and their stakeholders through the Ministries of Health in various countries affected by the endemic, have worked to initiate policies for a massive and effective disease control.According to WHO, about 109 countries in the world are considered endemic for malaria,45 countries within the African continent.3,3 billion people were estimated to be at risk of malaria in 2006.Of this total,2,1 billion were at low risk(<1 reported case per 1000 population),97% were living in regions other than Africa. The 1, 2 billion at high risk ( 1 case per 1000 population) were living mostly in the WHO African (49%) and South-East Asia regions (37%)(18).In the same report, there was an estimated death of 881,000(610,000-1,212,000) due to malaria in 2006, of which 91%were in Africa and 85% were of children under 5 years of age. (Table 1).

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2011 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: A, ( Atlantic International University ) (School of Human and social studies), course: Clinical epidemiology, language: English, abstract: Definitions:focus on the advantages and disadvantage of drugs, hence their effects. This let Kenneth Rothman, 2002 to say: ''outcomes research marries epidemiologic methods with clinical decision theory to determine which therapeutic approaches are the most cost-effective''. [10]This approach has lead to the concept of evidence -based medicine where sufficient proof are available to support a medical theory in disease management and promotion of various guidelines useful in clinical setting.Nonetheless, more medical and non medical conditions are still undiagnosed, under- diagnosed or wrongly diagnosed. As a consequence, extra, less cost-effective and unnecessary treatments are being prescribed. In this scenario, would the key to evidence- based medicine lie on diagnosis processes which are opaque to quantification and analysis, or on the deep-rooted knowledge of disease natural history, its transmission chain and physiopathology, or on the accuracy of diagnostic tests which have different level of interpretations according to their sensitivity or specificity Or on prevention inputs to control the disease outcomes In Zambia, roughly 80,000 infants are born annually from HIV infected mothers and are at risk of contracting the disease. An average of 20,000 are born with HIV each year (40%).The rate of vertical transmission varies from 15-25% in non-breastfeeding infants and double in breastfeeding ones. (Ministry of Health,National Protocol Guidelines, 2010). [14] For this research paper focused on PMTCT, we selected data for 3 years study from 2008 to 2010.This was a retrospective cohort study. The data included all pregnant women who attended ANC, those who were counselled and tested for HIV and those who delivered at the facility. Our indicators for the PMTCT interventions were pregnant women on HIV treatment (short course or full HAART), the number of HIV exposed babies who tested positive by DNAPCR and HIV antibody testing, the still births and those initiated on HIV prophylaxis. Patients' registers from Maternity, ANC, paediatric ward, laboratory, and ART clinic and hospital annual report were used.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Malaria and Anaemia: A Retrospective Case control study in a remote hospital in Zambia | Leonard Kabongo | Taschenbuch | 24 S. | Englisch | 2011 | GRIN Verlag | EAN 9783640909384 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: GRIN Publishing GmbH, Waltherstr. 23, 80337 München, info[at]grin[dot]com | Anbieter: preigu.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis for HIV-exposed Infants in a Low Resource Setting: Evidence-based of PMTCT Interventions | Leonard Kabongo | Taschenbuch | 28 S. | Englisch | 2011 | GRIN Verlag | EAN 9783640909414 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: GRIN Publishing GmbH, Waltherstr. 23, 80337 München, info[at]grin[dot]com | Anbieter: preigu.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Druck auf Anfrage Neuware - Printed after ordering - Master's Thesis from the year 2011 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: B, ( Atlantic International University ) (Social and Human studies), course: Master of Public Health, language: English, abstract: Limited information exists currently on factors associated with ''virtual elimination of paediatric HIV'' in resource constrained settings since the publication of new PMTCT guidelines by the WHO in 2010.In this study, we aimed to assess predictors of unfavourable infant clinical outcomes (Mortality and HIV infection) at 2 years follow-up in PMTCT program.Using data collected from registers (PMTCT and ANC) at Sichili Mission Hospital, 151 women were enrolled in the program from 2008 to 2010 and 80 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. An in-depth interview with HIV positive women was conducted using structured questionnaires. Factors associated with ''virtual elimination of paediatric HIV'' were determined by multivariable regression analysis models.At 2 years follow-up, 8 (10%) children died 47(87%) were HIV negative and 7(13%) were HIV positive on HAART. Socio-demographic factors age and education level were correlated with poor infant outcomes in PMTCT program (Pearson coefficient correlation1).Socio-demographic factors, PMTCT specific indicators and infant's variables are potential determinants to successful attainment of ''Virtual elimination of paediatric HIV by 2015''.KEY WORDS:PMTCT, Virtual Elimination of Paediatric HIV, Sichili Mission Hospital, Socio-demographic variables, infant outcomes, Zambia.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Protection of Mother To Child Transmission of HIV | Towards "Virtual Elimination of Paediatric HIV" in Rural western Zambia | Leonard Kabongo | Taschenbuch | 84 S. | Englisch | 2011 | GRIN Verlag | EAN 9783656000624 | Verantwortliche Person für die EU: GRIN Publishing GmbH, Waltherstr. 23, 80337 München, info[at]grin[dot]com | Anbieter: preigu.

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Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Medicine - Gynecology, Andrology, grade: A, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: The World Health Organization defines unsafe abortion as a procedure for terminating a pregnancy that is performed by an individual lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment that does not conform to minimal medical standards, or both. Unsafe abortion is common in places where abortion is illegal. Every year almost 44,000 abortions occur globally and nearly half of them are unsafe whereby almost all unsafe abortions (98 percent) are happening in developing Countries. In Countries where abortion remains unsafe, it is a leading cause of maternal mortality. According to the WHO unsafe abortions contribute to 13% of all maternal mortality globally and are direct cause of maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. When comparing women with their counterpart men in Sexual and Reproductive Health, there is no such a high cause of mortality in men. This difference shows the existent gender inequality in most developing Countries. In these settings women are denied access to information, education on safe sex, contraception and are not offered an informed consent on their fertility choices. Gender based violence is one of the contributing factor to this inequality that women suffer and this affect their potential development and enjoyment of their right to health including their right to Sexual and Reproductive Health. These universal rights legitimate women to choose whether to conceive or when to form a family. This should have not been difficult to achieve in a World with so much technologies of modern effective contraceptive methods. And the issue of unsafe abortion and its complications could be averted. Conversely this is not the case in the context where legal structures should determine the fate of those who should make decisions for their own lives. The legalization or non-legalization of termination of pregnancy has been a battle ground for Centuries in many Countries across the Globe with different variations in the trends of abortion legal frameworks. In this essay, I will discuss why unsafe abortion is perceived as neglected globally and evaluate the extent to which human rights-based approach can be useful to mitigate this public health problem and conclude with my personal view on this issue. 20 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Health - Miscellaneous, grade: B, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: At a local Hospital, an increased number of people admitted and treated for Respiratory Disease have been observed and most of them work at a local Factory. There is a concern that the dust generated by the machinery at the Company would be the contributing factor.A Case Control Study will be conducted on the Incidence of respiratory disease to prove or disapprove the association between the incident cases of respiratory disease and the exposure to the dust generated by the factory.The Research Protocol is adapted from the World Health Organization proposed study protocol format (WHO, 2014).The protocol will state the problem and the hypothesis generated to be tested, the aim and objectives to be achieved and the current knowledge on the topic in a literature review.A thorough explanation on the choice of the study design, methodology and sampling will be preceded by the study outcome and its measurement methods.Data collection and analysis using statistical methods with the potential sources of bias are elaborated. A discussion highlighting the pros and cons of this study as well as the study limitations are explained.A conclusive summary and Ethic statements followed by a list of References will shape the end of this study. 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: B, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5) calls for improving maternal health and focuses on two specific objectives: the reduction of global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by two third and the universal access to reproductive health by the year 2015 (United Nations, 2013).Recent data shows that globally the Maternal Mortality Ratio has seen a significant decrease from 400 per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 260 per 100,000 live births in 2008 (Zere et al, 2011). Despite this world progress, some 300,000 women died in 2013 from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth whereby 62% of the deaths occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa (United Nations, 2014).Access to a comprehensive package of reproductive health services has seen an improvement with 83% of pregnant women attended by a skilled health worker at least once during their pregnancy in 2012 compare to 65% in 1990 (United Nations, 2014).According to the United Nations (2014), there remain extreme differences in maternal mortality among countries with almost one third of global deaths concentrated in India (17%) and Nigeria (14%); with Sierra Leone being the Country with the highest MMR (1100 per 100,000 live births) while Belarus has the lowest (1 per 100,000 live births).Namibia is one of the affected sub-Saharan countries. It is estimated that, everyday a woman dies in Namibia due to complications related to either pregnancy or childbirth. The Maternal Mortality ratio has increased from 225 per 100,000 live births in 1992 to 271 per 100,000 live births in 2000 and 449 per 100,000 live births in 2007/2008 (WHO, 2009).This data has put the Country on a balance scale to initiate and develop policies and programs for the acceleration of the reduction of MMR against set targets and reverse the trends to achieve 75% reduction in accordance with the MDG5 target.The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze policies, strategies and programs that were developed in Namibia to meet the global and country targets for the attainment of the MDG5.Also to evaluate the progress made ,discuss challenges and identify way forwards for local and global response.This essay will review the Millennium Development Goals agenda, the Namibian Country health status in the context of MDG 5 and the policies, strategies and programs developed to mitigate Maternal Mortality. 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Psychology - Personality Psychology, grade: B, University of Manchester (HRCI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined in the DSMV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Firth Edition) as a group of psychiatric related symptoms after exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence by direct experience, witnessing or distant learning of a traumatic event that occurred to a close person. These symptoms include distressing memories and dreams of the traumatic event, dissociative reactions and marked psychological reactions to internal and external cues that symbolize the event, avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts or feelings, negative alterations in cognitions like dissociative amnesia and feeling of detachment, angry outbursts, irritability behavior, recklessness, hypervigilance and sleep disturbance. The diagnosis of PTSD is established when the above mentioned symptoms persist for one month and exhibit clinical manifestations, significant distress of impairment in social and occupational functioning not associated with a substance abuse (alcohol or drug).Introduced in the 1980 in the DSMIII after the Vietnam War, PTSD concept was however not new in the history of Medicine. It has evolved historically from the time of Homer and has been recognized and described for the past century. The holocaust and more recently the American World Trade Center attack has brought into the trauma theory with more publications been released. From its definition in the DSMV, PTSD is viewed as a result of an abrupt, singled traumatic event and its consequences on the human psyche resulting in pschychiatric symptoms as I mentioned above. From this angle, the definition of PTSD is non inclusive expressing an individualized, monoculture and unilateral historic considerations which is argued as a Euro-American culture-bound syndrome that does not apply traditional cultures. On the other hand, for other psychologists and psychiatrists the new concept of PTSD (as defined in the DSMV) is thought to have provided an operational definition applicable for many clinical situations, showed a link between physical pain and psychological event, recognized the extend of a traumatic exposure and more importantly fertilized 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2010 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: B, ( Atlantic International University ) (School of Human and Social studies), course: Fundementals of Epidemiology, language: English, abstract: Malaria is an endemic disease in Zambia and it's a major public health problem in Africa, especially in the Tropics and developing countries. Malaria continues to place an unacceptable burden on health and economic development in over 100 countries across the world, with malaria mortality exceeding one million annually, primarily in children under five(3).Efforts have been put in place over the years to reduce the high incidence and mortality rate due to Malaria. From pharmaceutical options reviews to environmental actions, governments and their stakeholders through the Ministries of Health in various countries affected by the endemic, have worked to initiate policies for a massive and effective disease control.According to WHO, about 109 countries in the world are considered endemic for malaria,45 countries within the African continent.3,3 billion people were estimated to be at risk of malaria in 2006.Of this total,2,1 billion were at low risk(<1 reported case per 1000 population),97% were living in regions other than Africa. The 1, 2 billion at high risk ( 1 case per 1000 population) were living mostly in the WHO African (49%) and South-East Asia regions (37%)(18).In the same report, there was an estimated death of 881,000(610,000-1,212,000) due to malaria in 2006, of which 91%were in Africa and 85% were of children under 5 years of age. (Table 1). 24 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2011 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: A, ( Atlantic International University ) (School of Human and social studies), course: Clinical epidemiology, language: English, abstract: Definitions:focus on the advantages and disadvantage of drugs, hence their effects. This let Kenneth Rothman, 2002 to say: ''outcomes research marries epidemiologic methods with clinical decision theory to determine which therapeutic approaches are the most cost-effective''. [10]This approach has lead to the concept of evidence -based medicine where sufficient proof are available to support a medical theory in disease management and promotion of various guidelines useful in clinical setting.Nonetheless, more medical and non medical conditions are still undiagnosed, under- diagnosed or wrongly diagnosed. As a consequence, extra, less cost-effective and unnecessary treatments are being prescribed. In this scenario, would the key to evidence- based medicine lie on diagnosis processes which are opaque to quantification and analysis, or on the deep-rooted knowledge of disease natural history, its transmission chain and physiopathology, or on the accuracy of diagnostic tests which have different level of interpretations according to their sensitivity or specificity Or on prevention inputs to control the disease outcomes In Zambia, roughly 80,000 infants are born annually from HIV infected mothers and are at risk of contracting the disease. An average of 20,000 are born with HIV each year (40%).The rate of vertical transmission varies from 15-25% in non-breastfeeding infants and double in breastfeeding ones. (Ministry of Health,National Protocol Guidelines, 2010). [14] For this research paper focused on PMTCT, we selected data for 3 years study from 2008 to 2010.This was a retrospective cohort study. The data included all pregnant women who attended ANC, those who were counselled and tested for HIV and those who delivered at the facility. Our indicators for the PMTCT interventions were pregnant women on HIV treatment (short course or full HAART), the number of HIV exposed babies who tested positive by DNAPCR and HIV antibody testing, the still births and those initiated on HIV prophylaxis. Patients' registers from Maternity, ANC, paediatric ward, laboratory, and ART clinic and hospital annual report were used. 28 pp. Englisch.

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Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Master's Thesis from the year 2011 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: B, ( Atlantic International University ) (Social and Human studies), course: Master of Public Health, language: English, abstract: Limited information exists currently on factors associated with ''virtual elimination of paediatric HIV'' in resource constrained settings since the publication of new PMTCT guidelines by the WHO in 2010.In this study, we aimed to assess predictors of unfavourable infant clinical outcomes (Mortality and HIV infection) at 2 years follow-up in PMTCT program.Using data collected from registers (PMTCT and ANC) at Sichili Mission Hospital, 151 women were enrolled in the program from 2008 to 2010 and 80 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. An in-depth interview with HIV positive women was conducted using structured questionnaires. Factors associated with ''virtual elimination of paediatric HIV'' were determined by multivariable regression analysis models.At 2 years follow-up, 8 (10%) children died 47(87%) were HIV negative and 7(13%) were HIV positive on HAART. Socio-demographic factors age and education level were correlated with poor infant outcomes in PMTCT program (Pearson coefficient correlation1).Socio-demographic factors, PMTCT specific indicators and infant's variables are potential determinants to successful attainment of ''Virtual elimination of paediatric HIV by 2015''.KEY WORDS:PMTCT, Virtual Elimination of Paediatric HIV, Sichili Mission Hospital, Socio-demographic variables, infant outcomes, Zambia. 84 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Medicine - Gynecology, Andrology, grade: A, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: The World Health Organization defines unsafe abortion as a procedure for terminating a pregnancy that is performed by an individual lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment that does not conform to minimal medical standards, or both. Unsafe abortion is common in places where abortion is illegal. Every year almost 44,000 abortions occur globally and nearly half of them are unsafe whereby almost all unsafe abortions (98 percent) are happening in developing Countries. In Countries where abortion remains unsafe, it is a leading cause of maternal mortality. According to the WHO unsafe abortions contribute to 13% of all maternal mortality globally and are direct cause of maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. When comparing women with their counterpart men in Sexual and Reproductive Health, there is no such a high cause of mortality in men. This difference shows the existent gender inequality in most developing Countries. In these settings women are denied access to information, education on safe sex, contraception and are not offered an informed consent on their fertility choices. Gender based violence is one of the contributing factor to this inequality that women suffer and this affect their potential development and enjoyment of their right to health including their right to Sexual and Reproductive Health. These universal rights legitimate women to choose whether to conceive or when to form a family. This should have not been difficult to achieve in a World with so much technologies of modern effective contraceptive methods. And the issue of unsafe abortion and its complications could be averted. Conversely this is not the case in the context where legal structures should determine the fate of those who should make decisions for their own lives. The legalization or non-legalization of termination of pregnancy has been a battle ground for Centuries in many Countries across the Globe with different variations in the trends of abortion legal frameworks. In this essay, I will discuss why unsafe abortion is perceived as neglected globally and evaluate the extent to which human rights-based approach can be useful to mitigate this public health problem and conclude with my personal view on this issue.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 20 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2015 in the subject Health - Miscellaneous, grade: B, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: At a local Hospital, an increased number of people admitted and treated for Respiratory Disease have been observed and most of them work at a local Factory. There is a concern that the dust generated by the machinery at the Company would be the contributing factor. A Case Control Study will be conducted on the Incidence of respiratory disease to prove or disapprove the association between the incident cases of respiratory disease and the exposure to the dust generated by the factory. The Research Protocol is adapted from the World Health Organization proposed study protocol format (WHO, 2014). The protocol will state the problem and the hypothesis generated to be tested, the aim and objectives to be achieved and the current knowledge on the topic in a literature review. A thorough explanation on the choice of the study design, methodology and sampling will be preceded by the study outcome and its measurement methods. Data collection and analysis using statistical methods with the potential sources of bias are elaborated. A discussion highlighting the pros and cons of this study as well as the study limitations are explained. A conclusive summary and Ethic statements followed by a list of References will shape the end of this study.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 16 pp. Englisch.

Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Titel. Neuware -Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: B, University of Manchester (HCRI), course: Global Health, language: English, abstract: The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5) calls for improving maternal health and focuses on two specific objectives: the reduction of global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by two third and the universal access to reproductive health by the year 2015 (United Nations, 2013). Recent data shows that globally the Maternal Mortality Ratio has seen a significant decrease from 400 per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 260 per 100,000 live births in 2008 (Zere et al, 2011). Despite this world progress, some 300,000 women died in 2013 from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth whereby 62% of the deaths occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa (United Nations, 2014). Access to a comprehensive package of reproductive health services has seen an improvement with 83% of pregnant women attended by a skilled health worker at least once during their pregnancy in 2012 compare to 65% in 1990 (United Nations, 2014). According to the United Nations (2014), there remain extreme differences in maternal mortality among countries with almost one third of global deaths concentrated in India (17%) and Nigeria (14%); with Sierra Leone being the Country with the highest MMR (1100 per 100,000 live births) while Belarus has the lowest (1 per 100,000 live births). Namibia is one of the affected sub-Saharan countries. It is estimated that, everyday a woman dies in Namibia due to complications related to either pregnancy or childbirth. The Maternal Mortality ratio has increased from 225 per 100,000 live births in 1992 to 271 per 100,000 live births in 2000 and 449 per 100,000 live births in 2007/2008 (WHO, 2009). This data has put the Country on a balance scale to initiate and develop policies and programs for the acceleration of the reduction of MMR against set targets and reverse the trends to achieve 75% reduction in accordance with the MDG5 target. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze policies, strategies and programs that were developed in Namibia to meet the global and country targets for the attainment of the MDG5.Also to evaluate the progress made ,discuss challenges and identify way forwards for local and global response. This essay will review the Millennium Development Goals agenda, the Namibian Country health status in the context of MDG 5 and the policies, strategies and programs developed to mitigate Maternal Mortality.Books on Demand GmbH, Überseering 33, 22297 Hamburg 16 pp. Englisch.