Culture Beginnings, toE nnius and the Greeks -192 2. Lucretius, Cicero, Caesar -198 3. Decline under theE mpire -204 4. The higher Pagan ethics -213 CHAP. VII. ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY AND ITS OPPONENTS. i. Freethought in the Gospels :contradictory forces -217 2. The Epistles :their anti-rationalism -224 3. A nti-pagan rationalism. The Gnostics -225 4. Rationalistic heresy. A rius. Pelagius. Jovinian. A erius. Vigilantius. The religious wars 231 5. A nti-christian thought: its decline. Celsus. Last lights of critical thought. Macrobius. Theodore. Photinus. The expulsion of science. The appropriation of pagan endowments -238 6. The intellectual and moral decadence. Boethius -247 CHAP. VIII. FREETHOUGHT UNDER ISLAM. i. Mohammed and his contemporaries. Early Zendekism 254 The Influence of the Koran -258 Saracen freethought in theE ast. The Motazilites. The Spread of Culture. Intellectual Collapse -260 4. El-M arri andO marK hayyam 269 5. Arab Philosophy and Moorish freethought. A vempace. A bubacer. A verroes. I bn Khaldun -273 6. Rationalism in later I slam. Sufiism. Babism in contemporary Persia. Freethinking in Mohammedan India and Africa -280 CHAP. IX. CHRISTENDOM IN THE MIDDLE AGES 286 i. I conoclasm. Leo. Photius. Michael -286 2. The early Paulicians -- 288 3. Virgilius. Claudius. A gobard. John Scotus. The case of Gottschalk. Berengar. Roscelin. Nominalism andR ealism. Heresy in Florence and in France 291 4. The Paulicians (C athari) in Western Europe :their anticipation of Protestantism. A buses of the Church and Papacy. Vogue of anti-clerical heresy. Peter deB rueys. Eudo. Paterini. Waldenses -306 5. The crusade against Albigensian heresy. Arrest of Proven9al civilisation :R ise and character of the Inquisition 317 6. Freethought in theS chools :T he problem set to A nselm. Testimony of Giraldus Cambrensis :S imon ofT ournay. A bailard. John of Salisbury 3
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Paperback. Condition: New. Print on Demand. This book delves into the rich and often contentious history of freethinking, exploring its evolution from ancient civilizations to the cusp of the modern era. The author meticulously traces the emergence of critical thought across diverse cultures, including Greece, Rome, India, and the Islamic world. He examines the lives and ideas of key figures who challenged religious orthodoxy and societal norms, shedding light on the struggles and triumphs of those who dared to question established beliefs. The book delves into the complex interplay between freethought and its historical context, analyzing how political, economic, and social forces shaped the expression of dissent and the pursuit of intellectual freedom. It explores the recurring themes of skepticism, rationalism, and the quest for truth, highlighting the enduring human desire to understand the world through reason and observation. From the early Greek philosophers to the Reformation and beyond, the book unveils a tapestry of ideas that have profoundly influenced the course of human history. By examining the challenges faced by freethinkers throughout the ages, this book provides valuable insights into the ongoing struggle for intellectual freedom and its crucial role in shaping our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Ultimately, it serves as a testament to the enduring power of the human mind to question, to reason, and to strive for a more enlightened future. This book is a reproduction of an important historical work, digitally reconstructed using state-of-the-art technology to preserve the original format. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in the book. print-on-demand item. Seller Inventory # 9781440055232_0
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